In 1851 Plains nations at a great council on the North Platte River accepted bounded territories and let the United States build roads and military posts through them, in return for annuity payments. Which agreement set those terms?

On November 29, 1864, Colorado militia under Colonel John Chivington attacked a Cheyenne and Arapaho camp whose leader, Black Kettle, had raised a United States flag over his lodge. Between 150 and 500 people were killed. What is this called?

Between 1866 and 1868, Lakota, Cheyenne and Arapaho fighters closed the Bozeman Trail and besieged its three army forts until the United States agreed to abandon them. Which Lakota leader is that war named for?

On June 25, 1876, Lakota, Northern Cheyenne and Arapaho warriors destroyed five companies of the Seventh Cavalry in Montana Territory and killed their commander, George Custer, along with about 210 men. Which engagement was this?

In October 1877, after a flight of some 1,170 miles across Idaho, Wyoming and Montana, a band under Chief Joseph was surrounded in the Bear Paw Mountains about forty miles from the Canadian border and surrendered. Which nation was it?

In September 1886 a Chiricahua Apache leader surrendered to General Nelson Miles at Skeleton Canyon in Arizona Territory, ending the last sustained armed resistance in the Southwest. Who was he?

In October 1867 the Kiowa, Comanche, Plains Apache, Southern Cheyenne and Arapaho signed treaties agreeing to move onto two reservations in western Indian Territory. Which treaties were these?

On December 29, 1890, the Seventh Cavalry surrounded Spotted Elk's Lakota band and, while disarming it, opened fire with rifles and Hotchkiss guns, killing between 250 and 300 people. Where did this happen?

The Dawes Act of 1887 divided reservations into individual allotments and opened the land left over for sale. Native nations held about 138 million acres in 1887. About how much remained in tribal hands by 1934, when allotment ended?

The Dawes Act of 1887 issued a title to each family head for a 160-acre allotment and held it in trust for twenty-five years before the owner could sell. What form of landholding did it replace on allotted reservations?

A rider to the Indian Appropriations Act of March 3, 1871 declared that no Indian nation or tribe would thereafter be recognized as an independent power with whom the United States could contract by treaty. What did it change?

Off-reservation boarding schools such as Carlisle, opened in Pennsylvania in 1879, enrolled Native children far from home, cut their hair, issued uniforms and English names, and punished use of their own languages. What was the stated purpose?

The 1868 Fort Laramie treaty said no cession of the Great Sioux Reservation was valid unless signed by three-fourths of its adult men. The 1876 Black Hills agreement carried about ten percent of them. What did Congress then do?

The Homestead Act of 1862 offered 160 acres of surveyed public land to any head of household who lived on the claim and improved it for five years. What did the act do to lands the Plains nations hunted and lived on?

In 1883 the Interior Department set up Courts of Indian Offenses on reservations, under rules that agents enforced with fines, jail and the withholding of rations. What did those rules do to ceremonies such as the Sun Dance?

Gold was confirmed in the Black Hills in 1874 and miners poured in. The Lakota refused to sell. In December 1875 the government ordered every band to report to an agency by January 31, 1876. What happened to the bands that did not come in?

In November 1864 Colorado militia attacked a Cheyenne and Arapaho camp in the southeast of the territory. What followed in the months after the attack?

In 1866 the army built forts along the Bozeman Trail through Powder River hunting grounds. Lakota and Cheyenne fighters closed the road and killed 81 soldiers in a single fight that December. What did the United States agree to in the 1868 treaty?

After the Seventh Cavalry was destroyed in Montana in June 1876, the army poured reinforcements onto the northern plains and Congress voted to withhold Lakota rations until the Black Hills were ceded. What did that Lakota victory lead to?

In May 1877 General Oliver Howard told the non-treaty Nez Perce bands they had thirty days to leave the Wallowa Valley for the Lapwai reservation or the army would move them. What did that order set in motion?

The railroad split the herds, an eastern tannery worked out how to tan bison hide commercially in 1871, and hide hunters then worked the southern plains year round until that herd was gone by 1878. What made the slaughter profitable?

In 1889 and 1890, as crops failed and Congress cut rations on the Lakota reservations, many Lakota took up a new religious movement that promised the return of the buffalo and of the dead. What was it?

By the 1880s the buffalo herds were gone. Where did most Lakota families at the agencies get their food?

Allotment policy expected each family on the reservations of the western Dakotas and Indian Territory to make a living farming its 160 acres. Why did farming fail on much of that land?

Land left over after allotment was sold off parcel by parcel to non-Native buyers. What did reservation land look like as a result?