In 1866 Congress declared all persons born in the United States citizens, free to make contracts, sue and own property "as is enjoyed by white citizens." President Andrew Johnson vetoed it; Congress passed it over his veto. Name this law.

In January 1865, in the last months of the Civil War, Congress sent the states an amendment that abolished slavery everywhere in the United States. It was ratified in December 1865. Which amendment was it?

In 1867 Congress placed ten former Confederate states under army commanders in five military districts, and required each to write a new constitution allowing Black men to vote and to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment. Name these laws.

In 1870 and 1871 Congress made it a federal crime to conspire to stop citizens voting or holding office, and let the president send troops and suspend habeas corpus against masked night riders in the South. What were these laws called?

In December 1863, with the Civil War still being fought, Abraham Lincoln offered a lenient plan: once a small share of a state's 1860 voters swore loyalty to the United States, it could form a government he would recognize. What is this plan called?

In 1864 congressional Republicans passed a bill requiring a majority of a former Confederate state's white men to swear an oath of past and future loyalty before the state could rebuild. Lincoln pocket-vetoed it. Name that bill.

Created inside the War Department in March 1865, this federal agency issued food and medical care, negotiated labor contracts between planters and freedpeople, and helped set up thousands of schools for people freed from slavery. What was it called?

In 1875 Congress guaranteed all citizens equal enjoyment of inns, public conveyances, theaters and other places of amusement. The Supreme Court struck it down in 1883 as beyond Congress's reach over private business. Name the law.

The Thirteenth Amendment, ratified in 1865, reads: "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States." What does that wording still permit?

Section 1 of the Fourteenth Amendment (1868) says: "nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." What did this settle?

Before 1865 an enslaved person counted as three-fifths of a person for House seats. Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment instead apportions representatives "counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed." What followed?

Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment bars from office anyone who, "having previously taken an oath ... to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same." What did this settle?

Section 4 of the Fourteenth Amendment says neither the United States nor any state shall pay "any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion ... or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave." What did this refuse?

The Fifteenth Amendment (1870): "The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." What may a state still require?

Southern laws of 1865-66 said any Black man found in January without a written labor contract could be arrested as a vagrant, fined, and hired out to whoever paid the fine. What did such a law accomplish for the planters who wanted it?

Under the apprenticeship clauses of the black codes, a county court could bind out a Black child whose parents it judged unable to support him, with first claim on his labor going to the family's former owner. What did this accomplish?

In the crop lien system a merchant advanced seed, food and clothing on credit at high interest, secured by a claim on cotton not yet planted, and settled the account after the harvest sold. What did this most often produce for the farmer?

A southern state required each voter to pay an annual poll tax months before election day, keep the receipt, and pay any unpaid tax from earlier years as well. The law said nothing about race. What did it accomplish for the men who wrote it?

Some southern states required an applicant to read a section of the state constitution aloud, or to explain its meaning to the satisfaction of the local registrar, before he could register to vote. Why was the "explain it to the registrar" wording added?

Alongside its literacy test, Louisiana's 1898 constitution exempted from that test any man whose father or grandfather had been qualified to vote on January 1, 1867. Who was let through by that exemption?

Louisiana's 1890 Separate Car Act required railroads to provide "equal but separate accommodations for the white, and colored, races." In Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) the Supreme Court upheld it. What did that ruling establish for the next half century?

In the late 1860s masked bands of the Ku Klux Klan rode at night in southern counties, whipping and murdering Black voters, Republican officeholders and teachers of freedpeople. What did this violence accomplish for its organizers?

In 1865 Andrew Johnson let the former Confederate states rebuild quickly and pardoned thousands of ex-Confederates. Those states then elected Confederate leaders to Congress and passed black codes. How did Congress respond in December 1865?

The Tenure of Office Act of 1867 barred the president from removing certain officials without the Senate's consent. Andrew Johnson removed Secretary of War Edwin Stanton anyway. What followed?

The 1876 presidential election between Republican Rutherford B. Hayes and Democrat Samuel Tilden left rival sets of electoral returns from Florida, Louisiana and South Carolina, with Tilden one vote short of a majority. How was the dispute decided?

Under the settlement that made Rutherford B. Hayes president in 1877, the remaining federal troops were pulled back from the statehouses of South Carolina and Louisiana. What happened to the Republican state governments they had been protecting?

In February 1870 the Mississippi legislature sent Hiram Revels to Washington, making him the first Black member of the United States Senate. What had made that possible?

Armed with the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871, President Ulysses S. Grant suspended habeas corpus in nine South Carolina counties, sent in federal troops and had hundreds of Klansmen arrested and prosecuted. What was the short-term result?

After the Reconstruction Acts, Republican governments in the South drew in northerners who had moved south after the war and white southerners who joined the party. Their Democratic opponents named them with two insults. Which pair of words did they use?

In January 1865 General William T. Sherman set aside abandoned coastal land in forty-acre plots for freed families. Later that year Andrew Johnson ordered it restored to its pardoned former owners. What did that push freedpeople toward?