Which industrialist built Standard Oil and in 1882 reorganized it as a trust, in which a board of trustees held the stock of the member companies and directed them as one?

Which journalist wrote the nineteen-part history of the Standard Oil Company that ran in McClure's Magazine between 1902 and 1904?

Which critic attacked Standard Oil and the railroads in the 1894 book 'Wealth Against Commonwealth'?

Which man consolidated several lines in 1869 into the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad, giving him a through route from New York City toward Chicago?

Which railroad man served as president of the Central Pacific and as governor of California, and in 1885 founded a university at Palo Alto in memory of his son?

Which man's coke company supplied the fuel for Carnegie's furnaces, and who then became chairman of the Carnegie steel works?

In the 1890s a New York banking house took over bankrupt railroads, refinanced their debt and put its own partners on their boards. Whose firm was it?

Which speculator seized control of the Erie Railroad in the late 1860s and later controlled Western Union and the Union Pacific?

Which industrialist made his fortune in steel by buying iron ore ranges, coke works, ore ships and railroads, so that his mills owned every stage from raw material to finished rail?

In 1901 J. P. Morgan paid roughly $480 million for the country's largest steel company and merged it with other firms. What did the combination create?

In February and March 1872 Standard Oil bought out 22 of the 26 rival refineries in Cleveland, then the largest refining center in the country. What leverage did Rockefeller use to press the owners to sell?

In 1892 the Ohio Supreme Court ordered the Standard Oil Trust dissolved. How did the company keep its member firms under one direction after that ruling?

James J. Hill finished the Great Northern to Puget Sound in 1893 without federal land grants, building on easy grades and low debt. What happened to it in the depression that struck that year?

In February 1895 J. P. Morgan and August Belmont led a syndicate that contracted with the Cleveland administration to supply the Treasury with more than $65 million in gold for 30-year bonds. What was the immediate result?

In 1901 Morgan, Hill and their associates placed the stock of the Great Northern and the Northern Pacific in a single holding company, the Northern Securities Company. What did the Supreme Court do in 1904?

In the 1870s Standard Oil obtained secret rebates on the freight it shipped and drawbacks paid out of the freight charges of rival refiners. What did those arrangements do?

In an 1889 essay Andrew Carnegie argued that a rich man is only a trustee of his surplus wealth and should administer it in his lifetime for the community rather than leave it to his heirs. Which claim does that support?

Writers of the era applied Herbert Spencer's phrase 'survival of the fittest' to business, saying competition weeds out the unfit firm as it does the unfit animal. Which position did that argument support?

The Yale professor William Graham Sumner argued that the state should give no help to capital and no help to labor, but leave both to the contracts they make. Which position did that argument support?

Defenders of the trusts said that many small refiners had cut prices until none could survive, and that one large firm could refine more cheaply and steadily. Which position did that argument support?

Standard Oil's defenders said the rebates it received were nothing but the discount any railroad gives a customer who ships in huge, steady volume. Which position did that argument support?

Carnegie held that the best gifts are free libraries, universities, parks and halls, and that money handed to individual beggars is largely wasted. Which position did that argument support?

Popular writing of the Gilded Age dwelt on the office boy who rose to millionaire, and concluded that the road up was open to anyone willing to work. Which position did that argument support?

A law signed on July 2, 1890 begins: "Every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, is hereby declared to be illegal." Which law is it?

An 1887 statute required that railroad rates be reasonable and just, barred rebates and pools, and set up a five-member body to hear complaints against the carriers. What did it establish?

In Wabash, St. Louis and Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois (1886) the Supreme Court struck down an Illinois law regulating rates on shipments passing through the state. What did the ruling establish?

In United States v. E. C. Knight Co. (1895) the government sued a sugar combination that controlled about 98 percent of American refining capacity, and lost. On what ground?

A hat manufacturer sued a union under the Sherman Antitrust Act over a nationwide boycott of his hats, and in 1908 the Supreme Court ruled for him. What did Loewe v. Lawlor establish?

In 1911 the Supreme Court ordered Standard Oil broken into 34 separate companies and said that only restraints of trade that are unreasonable violate the Sherman Act. What is that standard called?

The Interstate Commerce Commission had to go to the federal courts to enforce its findings, and in 1897 the Supreme Court ruled on its power over rates. What did that decision hold?