Landlords in New York in the 1870s divided narrow city lots into buildings of four to six stories, packing several families onto every floor with shared toilets in the rear yard. What was this kind of rental building called?

In 1854 Elisha Otis demonstrated a hoisting platform fitted with a brake that would catch it if its rope was cut, making it safe to carry people upward inside a building. Which invention was this?

In 1888 Frank Sprague's system in Richmond, Virginia ran cars along city streets on rails, drawing power from an overhead wire through a pole. Which transit technology was this?

This police reporter photographed and described the crowded lodging rooms, cellars and alleys of New York's poor and published them in 1890 as How the Other Half Lives. Who was he?

In 1889 she and Ellen Gates Starr moved into a run-down mansion on Chicago's Halsted Street and opened it as Hull House, offering a kindergarten, a nursery, classes and clubs to the neighborhood. Who was she?

As the head of Tammany Hall's ring in the 1860s and early 1870s he controlled New York City's contracts and its payroll, until the New York Times printed the ring's own accounts in 1871 and he was prosecuted. Who was he?

Rows of new houses went up along the outer end of a trolley line, and the clerks and shopkeepers who could afford the daily fare lived there and rode in to work. What were districts like this called?

New York's 1879 tenement law required a window opening to outside air in every room. Builders pinched the sides of new buildings inward at the middle to make a narrow interior shaft. What did that shaft actually deliver?

Between the 1870s and the 1890s large American cities built sewer systems and piped in protected water supplies, replacing backyard wells and privy vaults. Which result followed most directly?

Between 1870 and 1900 the number of people farming in the Northeast and Midwest fell while farm output rose, and cities in the same states gained population quickly. Which cause best explains the move into the cities?

Land in a downtown business district grew so expensive that owners wanted more floors, but a masonry building tall enough would need walls several feet thick at street level. Which development solved that problem?

Cheap streetcar and elevated lines let a city spread outward, so people who could pay a daily fare came to live farther from their work than people who had to walk to it.

Before electric traction, a large city's horsecar lines kept thousands of horses that dropped manure in the streets every day and sometimes died where they stood. Which burden did that place on the city?

A city district's population doubled in twenty years while almost no building or sanitary rules applied to it. What happened to the housing that was already standing there?

A ward boss pays a family's rent after the father is hurt at work and gets their oldest son a place on a city crew, and on election day the household votes his ticket. What did the family obtain?

A paving firm bills the city three times what its work costs and hands part of the payment back to the organization that awarded it the contract. Who covered the difference?

The New York County Courthouse begun in 1861 ended up costing many times its estimate, with bills for plastering and furniture far beyond any real price. What did the Tweed Ring take from those bills?

A machine places its supporters in city jobs as street cleaners, inspectors and clerks, with no examination required of any of them. What did the organization gain by filling the payroll this way?

Political machines such as Tammany Hall won votes partly by giving immigrants jobs, food and help with the law.

Reformers denounced a machine's graft, yet the wards it served returned it to power election after election. Which explanation best accounts for that support?

In 1871 a fire spread through Chicago's closely packed wooden buildings and burned much of the city. Which response did fires like it push American cities toward?

Hull House residents mapped the uncollected garbage in their ward and pressed City Hall about it, and in 1895 Jane Addams was made a garbage inspector for Chicago's Nineteenth Ward. What did settlement work add to older charity?

Ministers such as Washington Gladden and Walter Rauschenbusch preached what became known as the Social Gospel. What did it call on churches to do?

The Salvation Army, which began work in the United States in 1880, opened soup kitchens, shelters and nurseries in poor city districts. What did it change for the urban poor?

Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux designed New York's Central Park with meadows, woods and winding drives set inside the advancing street grid. What was a park like that meant to give the city?