Two investors build a textile mill, hire wage workers, and keep the profit if the cloth sells. Which system is this?

A town takes over a large mill and runs it through an elected public board, saying the mill should serve the whole community. Which system is closest?

Revolutionaries argue that private ownership of mines, factories, and land should end and that property should be held in common. Which system are they defending?

A mill is owned collectively by its workers, who elect managers and share decisions instead of answering to outside shareholders. Which system is closest?

One speaker says factory owners should risk their capital and compete for profit; another says major workshops should be publicly owned for citizens. Which pair fits?

Plan A lets private owners set prices through competition; Plan B abolishes private factories and distributes output through a common community. Which pair fits?

Workers seize a factory and declare that production belongs to the common community, not to owners, shareholders, or separate worker shares. Which system is this?

In 1776 a Scottish moral philosopher argued that self-interest in markets could serve public benefit through an “invisible hand.” Which book made that argument?

In the Wealth of Nations, Smith uses the example of a factory making what product to illustrate the huge productivity gains from dividing work into specialized steps?

Which thinker published An Essay on the Principle of Population in 1798, warning that population growth could outrun food supply?

Which 1817 work by David Ricardo analyzed how rent, wages, and profits were distributed among classes?

Which reformer linked to New Lanark published A New View of Society in 1813?

In February 1848 Marx and Engels issued a short work calling for working-class political power. Which text was it?

Which work did Karl Marx first publish in German in 1867 as Volume One of his analysis of capitalist production?

Which book did Friedrich Engels publish in Leipzig in 1845 after studying industrial workers in Britain?

In Marxist language, what name is given to the class that owns capital, factories, and machinery?

In Marxist language, what name is given to wage workers who must sell their labor power to live?

Marx and Engels wrote that history was driven by repeated conflicts between social classes. What term names that idea?

Which Marxist term means the factories, machines, tools, and materials used to make goods?

In Marx's analysis, what term names value produced by workers beyond the value paid back to them as wages?

The Manifesto said the bourgeoisie's own industrial growth was producing the very force that would destroy it. What did it call the bourgeoisie's product in this sense?

A mill owner opposes factory inspectors and says wages, hours, and prices should be left to private contracts. Which doctrine is he invoking?

A reformer supports the 1833 Factory Act because it limits child labor and creates inspectors. What role for the state is the reformer defending?

In Smith's system of natural liberty, what task would the government generally avoid?

Marx and Engels said the working class should first win political power. What did they say workers should then do with the means of production?

A city buys privately owned gasworks and tramways and runs them for public benefit through the local government. Which policy is this?

Marx and Engels grouped Saint-Simon, Fourier, and Owen as reformers who relied on model communities and persuasion rather than class revolution. What label did they use?

A capitalist critic says common ownership would weaken private property rights and remove the owner's profit incentive. Which system is being criticized?

An economist argues that many private firms competing for customers will keep prices low without any government plan. Which economic system is being defended?

Proudhon's 1840 attack on property most directly challenged which economic arrangement?