A theory says a monarch receives authority from God and is answerable to God rather than to subjects or representatives. Which term names that claim?

Which ruler moved the French court and central administration to Versailles in 1682, using the palace as a symbol of royal authority?

What happened when the Edict of Nantes was revoked in France in 1685?

During the Great Northern War, after seizing land from Sweden, Peter the Great founded Saint Petersburg on the Neva River in 1703. What strategic goal did that city serve?

Which Prussian monarch seized Silesia from Austria and also described the ruler as the state's first servant?

Which description best fits absolutism in early modern Europe?

Parliament's Petition of Right in 1628 objected to forced loans and imprisonment without trial. What principle did it defend?

In the English Civil War, which side defeated Charles I and created the conditions for his 1649 trial and execution?

After the monarchy was abolished, Oliver Cromwell governed the Commonwealth under what title?

What did the Restoration of 1660 restore in England?

The 1689 Bill of Rights followed the removal of James II. What lasting constitutional result did it help create?

Copernicus's 1543 work argued that Earth and the other planets moved around the Sun. Which model was he advancing?

Galileo's telescope showed moons orbiting Jupiter and phases of Venus. Which older belief did those observations weaken?

Kepler used Tycho Brahe's observations to replace perfect circular orbits with which description of planetary motion?

Which scientist's Principia, published in 1687, presented laws of motion and universal gravitation?

Royal Society members stressed observation, experiment, and checking claims rather than accepting old authority. Which approach does that show?

The Royal Society began publishing Philosophical Transactions in 1665. Why did that matter for science?

In the Second Treatise, which thinker argued that legitimate government protects natural rights and rests on consent?

Which thinker used the fear of a violent state of nature to defend a powerful sovereign in Leviathan?

Which Enlightenment writer argued that liberty was safer when legislative, executive, and judicial powers were divided?

Rousseau's Social Contract said law should express the collective will of the citizen body. What term names that idea?

Diderot and d'Alembert edited a massive reference work that gathered knowledge and spread Enlightenment criticism. What was it?

Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations appeared in 1776. Which economic idea is most closely linked to that work?

The 1789 French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen most directly echoed which Enlightenment idea?

Which idea rejects divine-right monarchy by saying political authority comes from an agreement among the governed?

Why did Louis XVI call the Estates-General in 1789?

The Third Estate objected that voting by estate let clergy and nobles outvote commoners two to one. What did its deputies do in June 1789?

When locked out of their meeting hall, deputies gathered in an indoor court and swore not to separate until France had a constitution. What was this event?

Why did the storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, become a turning point?

On the night of August 4, 1789, the National Assembly abolished many feudal dues and privileges. What did that attack?

What did the women's march to Versailles in October 1789 force the royal family to do?

Revolutionary reforms placed the Catholic Church in France under state control and required clergy to swear loyalty. What conflict did this create?

Louis XVI's attempted escape in June 1791 ended when he was recognized at Varennes. How did it affect the monarchy?

After the August 1792 attack on the Tuileries, France soon abolished the monarchy. What government was proclaimed in September 1792?

Which body tried Louis XVI and voted for his execution in January 1793?

During the Reign of Terror, which committee became the wartime executive power defending the republic from internal and foreign enemies?

What happened after Robespierre fell in the Thermidorian Reaction?

The coup of 18 Brumaire in 1799 overthrew the Directory. Who emerged as First Consul?

What was one major effect of the Napoleonic Code of 1804?

Napoleon crowned himself emperor in 1804 after rising through revolutionary France. What did that show about the revolution's course?

Napoleon's Continental System tried to close European ports to British goods. What was its main purpose?

Why was Napoleon's 1812 invasion of Russia disastrous for his empire?

After Napoleon's defeat, what was a central goal of the Congress of Vienna?

In 1804, enslaved and formerly enslaved people in the French colony of Saint-Domingue defeated French rule and won independence. Which revolution was this?

Which leader is most closely associated with independence movements in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia?

Which independence leader organized the Army of the Andes, crossed into Chile, and later helped liberate Peru?

Brazil's path to independence differed from most Spanish American colonies in which way?

Which sequence is in the correct chronological order?

Which comparison best distinguishes England's 1688-1689 settlement from France's revolution by 1793?

Which comparison best links the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment?