Which thinker argued that people in a state without government would be trapped in violent insecurity unless they submitted to an absolute sovereign?

Which thinker argued that government exists to protect people's natural rights to life, liberty, and property?

Which thinker argued that liberty is protected when legislative, executive, and judicial powers are not held by the same authority?

Which thinker argued that legitimate law should express the general will of citizens rather than simply a monarch's command?

Which writer argued that punishing crime should be public, prompt, proportionate, and not excessively severe?

Which thinker argued that women should receive the same serious education as men because they are rational human beings?

Which thinker argued that a nation's prosperity grows when people specialize, trade, and pursue economic self-interest in competitive markets?

Which editor helped make a multivolume reference work that spread Enlightenment articles on science, crafts, religion, and politics?

Which writer argued that people should dare to use their own understanding instead of relying blindly on authorities?

Which thinker argued for freedom of thought and expression while criticizing intolerance and religious persecution?

Which thinker defended religious toleration by arguing that civil government should protect earthly interests, not command souls?

Which thinker argued in a 1755 discourse that private property and the growth of society created inequality among people?

A 1651 book argued that civil war showed the need for an undivided sovereign power. Which book carried that argument?

John Locke argued in a 1690 work that people have rights and may resist a government that breaks its trust. Which work was it?

Montesquieu's 1748 work compared laws and governments and argued for separating powers. Which work was it?

Rousseau's 1762 political work opens with a famous claim that people are born free but live under restraints. Which work was it?

Cesare Beccaria's 1764 attack on torture and the death penalty appeared in which book?

Adam Smith's 1776 argument against mercantilist controls and for markets appeared in which book?

Mary Wollstonecraft's 1792 argument for women's education and civil equality appeared in which work?

The article project edited by Diderot and d'Alembert began publication in 1751. What was it called?

Voltaire campaigned to clear the name of Jean Calas, a merchant executed in Toulouse in 1762. What broader cause did that campaign serve?

Cesare Beccaria's writing was read by reformers across Europe and America. Which reform cause is he most closely associated with?

Wollstonecraft challenged writers who treated women as ornaments rather than citizens. Which public cause did she advance?

Diderot faced censorship while editing a reference work that challenged inherited authority. Which cause did that work advance?

In a 1689 letter, John Locke entered a public debate that had divided England for decades. What cause did the letter support?

Condorcet was a mathematician who served in France's revolutionary assemblies. Which cause was central to his public life?

Hobbes and Locke both used a social contract, but where did they differ most sharply?

Montesquieu and Rousseau both criticized unchecked monarchy. Which contrast best describes their solutions?

Voltaire and Rousseau disagreed about organized religion and society. Which contrast is most accurate?

Smith and Rousseau both criticized parts of eighteenth-century society. How did their main concerns differ?

Beccaria and Hobbes both cared about public order. How did Beccaria's approach to law differ from Hobbes's political theory?

Wollstonecraft and Rousseau both wrote about education. Where did Wollstonecraft directly challenge Rousseau's view of women?

Locke and Montesquieu both limited government, but they emphasized different safeguards. Which pairing is accurate?

Which ruler issued a 1781 Patent of Toleration that gave limited legal toleration to Protestants in the Habsburg lands?

Which ruler abolished judicial torture in Prussia and described the ruler as the first servant of the state?

Which ruler convened a Legislative Commission in 1767 and wrote an Instruction influenced by Montesquieu and Beccaria?

Which ruler expelled the Jesuits from Spain in 1767 and pursued Bourbon reforms to strengthen royal administration?

Which ruler's 1786 criminal code in Tuscany abolished torture and the death penalty?

The Declaration of Independence says people have rights and may alter a government that destroys them. Whose argument does that most directly echo?

The U.S. Constitution divides authority among Congress, the president, and federal courts. Which Enlightenment argument does that design reflect?

The French Declaration of the Rights of Man says sovereignty resides essentially in the nation. Which thinker's idea does that statement echo?

The Eighth Amendment bars cruel and unusual punishments. Which Enlightenment reformer's criminal-justice arguments best connect to that protection?

Olympe de Gouges's 1791 Declaration of the Rights of Woman applied rights language to women. Which British writer argued for women's education and rights in a 1792 book?

The First Amendment was added to the U.S. Constitution in 1791 as part of the Bill of Rights. Which Enlightenment cause does it reflect most clearly?

The French Declaration states that no constitution exists without secured rights and separated powers. Whose theory is carried into that clause?