In France, the national government sets the curriculum for departments, appoints prefects, and can merge departments by ordinary law. The state structure is

Germany's constitution gives the Länder their own parliaments, authority over many school policies, and representation in national lawmaking. The state structure is

Japan's prefectures carry out many services, but the national Diet can alter their powers and boundaries under national law. The state structure is

In the United States, states write many criminal laws, run elections under constitutional rules, and cannot be abolished by Congress. The state structure is

India's constitution gives states elected legislatures and powers over police, agriculture, and local government while sharing authority with New Delhi. The structure is

Brazil's states elect governors, have their own legislatures, and hold powers the national constitution lists for them. The structure is

In the United Kingdom, Parliament can create, change, or remove powers held by devolved regional governments. The state structure is

Canada's provinces control areas such as education and health care under the constitution, and Ottawa cannot simply abolish them. The structure is

A country lets provincial councils advise ministries, but the capital appoints governors, writes budgets, and can redraw every province. The structure is

A state allows counties to manage roads, but the national legislature may merge counties and override any county rule at any time. The structure is

A country replaces centrally appointed provincial governors with elected governors and provincial legislatures that write education policy. The likely result is

A constitution is amended so provinces lose their protected lawmaking powers and become administrative districts run by national ministries. The likely effect is

A country renames provinces as regions but still lets the capital appoint every governor, write every budget, and change borders alone. For the regions, this causes

Courts begin enforcing a constitutional rule that reserves policing and schools to elected regional governments. The likely result is

Regional governments lose independent taxing power and must ask the capital each year for nearly all funding. The likely result is

A new constitution lets each region choose official-language rules for schools while the capital keeps defense and foreign affairs. The likely result is

A state changes from elected regional legislatures to regional administrators appointed by the capital. For regional policy making, the likely result is

Use the map legend. Group 2 is best classified as a

Use the map legend. Group 1 is best classified as a

According to the map legend, the first shaded group shows which state structure?

According to the map legend, the second shaded group shows which state structure?

Use the map comparison. Group 2's arrangement is best named a

Use the map comparison. Group 1's arrangement is best named a

The map legend contrasts two arrangements. What is Group 1?

The map legend contrasts two arrangements. What is Group 2?

Use the map legend to classify Group 2.

Use the map legend to classify Group 1.

A large country has ethnic groups concentrated in different regions and writes a constitution giving those regions self-rule over education. Why use this structure?

A small, compact country with few regional divisions keeps most policy authority in national ministries. What is a common reason for that choice?

After regional separatist movements grow, a state grants elected regional governments protected powers over schools and policing. Why might leaders do this?