A national curriculum teaches children the same official language, constitution, and founding stories in every region. For the state, this acts mainly as

In a mountain province, leaders of a group with its own language reject national laws and demand independence. For the state, this is mainly

After a hurricane, citizens in several ethnic regions volunteer through one national relief agency and donate to one state disaster fund. This most likely works as

A resource-rich region argues that it should keep oil revenue and forms parties calling for a separate country. This is best classified as

Nationwide television, sports leagues, and public ceremonies use the same symbols and are followed by most households. For state cohesion, they usually act as

Remote borderlands have few roads to the capital, little public service, and stronger trade ties with a neighboring country. This condition most likely creates

A federal constitution lets provinces run schools while a national court protects equal citizenship in every province. For a diverse state, this can act as

Former colonial rulers drew borders that placed rival ethnic communities under one new government with little shared identity. For that state, the boundary is likely

Citizens from many regions serve together in a national military and earn benefits from the central government. This mainly creates

A coastal city with a distinct language votes repeatedly for parties promising a referendum on independence. For the state, this is

A tax-funded health system serves citizens in all provinces and is widely seen as a national achievement. This most likely functions as

A capital bans regional media and arrests peaceful regional leaders, causing more people there to join separatist protests. The policy has become

A country's two largest language groups demand separate schools, courts, and broadcasters, and each votes mostly for regional parties. The state is most likely to face

A government grants elected regional councils and minority-language rights while keeping defense and currency national. The most likely effect is

A neglected frontier gains roads, schools, mobile service, and seats in national ministries. State cohesion is most likely to

A province with most of a country's oil says the capital steals its revenue and funds an armed group to control the fields. The likely effect is

National holidays, flag rituals, and a popular national team are embraced across ethnic regions. The expected effect on the state is

Economic growth is concentrated in the core while a distant periphery loses jobs and receives few services. Over time, this pattern is likely to produce

A state recognizes several official languages and guarantees public services in each where speakers live. The policy is most likely to

Rival regional parties each claim their region is the true nation and refuse to join national coalitions. The state will probably experience

Shared Catholic identity has supported Polish national unity, while religious difference between northern and southern Nigeria has fueled conflict. Together, the cases show religion acting as

Swahili serves as a lingua franca in Tanzania, while Dutch-French linguistic regionalism divides Belgian politics. The comparison shows language acting as

Switzerland is a durable multilingual state, while Yugoslavia broke apart after nationalist conflict among republics. Which comparison is accurate?

North Sea oil helps fund Norway's national welfare state, while Niger Delta oil grievances have fueled militancy in Nigeria. Resource wealth has therefore acted as

Nationalism helped unite German states in the nineteenth century, but ethnic nationalism helped break apart Yugoslavia in the 1990s. This shows nationalism acting as

The U.S.-Canada border became a stable boundary, while the Durand Line split Pashtun areas between Afghanistan and Pakistan and remains disputed. Boundary placement has acted as

France's centralized schools promoted a common French identity, while Sri Lanka's Sinhala-only language policy deepened Tamil grievances. Central cultural policy has acted as

The U.S. interstate highway system tied regions into one market, while the Democratic Republic of Congo's sparse road network makes distant provinces hard to govern. Which statement fits the two cases?

Bahasa Indonesia links many ethnic groups, while Pakistan's privileging of Urdu over Bengali helped fuel Bengali nationalism before Bangladesh. An official language has acted as

Spain granted Catalonia wide autonomy, and Catalonia's regional government later held a 2017 independence referendum. In this case, devolution has acted as