A stall notice reads: 'We have fed this town for thirty years. I still weigh every kilo in front of you. Trust the hands you know.' Which appeal is dominant?

A shelter leaflet reads: 'We close on Friday. Picture the pup that waits by the gate each morning for a family that never comes. Do not let that gate stay shut.' Which appeal is dominant?

A parent group writes: 'Last year 240 of our 300 students missed the late bus. One extra trip at six in the evening would carry all of them home.' Which appeal is dominant?

A petition reads: 'Our roof leaks onto the desks. Imagine writing your test with rain running down your arm while the classmate beside you shivers in a wet shirt.' Which appeal is dominant?

A teacher tells a meeting: 'I have taught here for twenty years and never once asked you for money. Tonight I am asking, and I will show every receipt.' Which appeal is dominant?

A water report reads: 'Three of our four pumps failed last dry season. A fourth pump costs less than the trucked water the town bought in June alone.' Which appeal is dominant?

A flyer reads: 'Half our class walks five kilometers to school. Picture them arriving soaked, shoes in hand, too tired to read one line all morning.' Which appeal is dominant?

A candidate says: 'I ran the town clinic through two typhoons and stayed when the road washed out. Judge my plan by the years I did not leave.' Which appeal is dominant?

A notice reads: 'The swing hangs by one chain. A child will fall, and the sound of it will stay with every parent in this village for years.' Which appeal is dominant?

A report reads: 'Reading scores rose in every grade that joined the morning club. The two grades that did not join have not moved since March.' Which appeal is dominant?

A fisher tells a hearing: 'I am no scientist, but I have hauled these waters since I was nine. Believe the man who reads this bay every dawn.' Which appeal is dominant?

A letter reads: 'Grandmother sold her only ring for that boat. When the storm took it she did not cry in front of us. She just folded the receipt away.' Which appeal is dominant?

A ledger note reads: 'Every peso spent on the school garden returned two in vegetables the canteen no longer buys. The figures are in the canteen record.' Which appeal is dominant?

A poster reads: 'Do not let another grandmother queue at dawn for a form that takes four minutes. She has stood in that line since before you were born.' Which appeal is dominant?

A radio spot for an insurance firm says: 'One night, one fire, and the home your parents built is ash.' What is this fear meant to do in the argument?

A charity letter opens: 'Before you read on, think of a boy sharing one sandal with his sister.' What is this opening image meant to do?

A town speech says: 'No one out-works this town. We rebuilt this road with our own shoulders.' What is this pride meant to do in the argument?

A leaflet ends: 'They knew the well was dry in April. They told you in August. Are you angry yet? The hearing is on Monday.' What is the anger meant to do?

A drive says: 'You ate today. Some of your neighbors did not. The box by the door is open until six.' What is the guilt meant to do?

A notice says: 'For six years the gate has been locked at four, and children who arrive late walk home alone in the dark.' Which feeling is the reader moved to feel?

A speech says: 'Our team trained on a cracked court, in borrowed shoes, and still came home with the cup.' Which feeling is the audience moved to feel?

A memo says: 'If the ferry is cut, the clinic is four hours away by road, and it is the rainy season.' Which feeling is the reader moved to feel?

A letter says: 'The old hall is where your parents married and where this town voted for the first time. The plan would flatten it by June.' Which feeling is the reader moved to feel?

An appeal reads: 'Twelve families here still cook in the dark. A single street lamp costs less than one month of candles for them.' Is the feeling in this passage supported or a substitute for evidence?

An appeal reads: 'If you had heard those children cry, you would sign this at once. Anyone who hesitates has not truly listened.' Is the feeling supported or a substitute for evidence?

A draft reads: 'Our canteen queue is a misery. Fix it.' Which addition would turn this into a fair appeal?

A poster reads: 'Every caring parent will vote yes on the fence. Ask yourself what kind of parent votes no.' What is missing from this appeal?

A letter says: 'The bridge is unsafe. Two beams were condemned in the March inspection, and my sister crossed it the day before.' Why is the feeling here a fair appeal?

A speaker says: 'I will not insult you with statistics tonight. Just look at the mother in the second row and vote with your heart.' Why is this appeal unfair to the audience?

An advertisement says: 'Families who love their children choose our vitamins.' Why does this emotional appeal fail as an argument?

A relief appeal reads: 'Ninety homes lost roofs on Tuesday. One of them belonged to the woman who taught most of us to read.' Is the feeling supported or a substitute for evidence?

A campaign leaflet reads: 'Do not think about the budget. Think about your daughter's face on opening day.' What has the writer done with the reader's feeling?

A request reads: 'Our band plays on borrowed drums. We have costed the set at PHP 18,000 and raised half already.' What makes this appeal fair?

A draft appeal about a flooded path is all feeling. It now goes to the council, who decide the budget. What must the writer add to reach that audience?

A pathos-heavy safety notice will now be read by engineers who assess bridges. What must the writer add to reach that audience?

A student's emotional appeal for later class hours will be read by the school head, who has never met the writer. What must the writer add to reach that reader?

A moving appeal about a lost fishing boat is rewritten for readers who know nothing about fishing. What must the writer add for those readers?

Pathos is the appeal that works on what the audience is moved to feel.

One persuasive message can carry ethos, logos and pathos at the same time.

Naming a strong feeling counts as evidence for a claim.