A review class flyer: "We helped 34 of our 40 students pass last year, up from 21 the year before. As a former examiner, I am proud of them." Which appeal is dominant?

A clinic head says: "I have run this clinic for eighteen years and seen every flu season here. It hurts to watch families wait. Trust my judgment on the new schedule." Which appeal is dominant?

A tenants' letter: "Imagine your lola climbing four flights with her groceries because the lift is broken again, stopping to catch her breath at every landing while no one comes to help." Which appeal is dominant?

A bike lane poster: "Last year 46 riders were hurt on this road. Painted lanes cut such injuries by about half in three nearby towns. Our council chair rides too." Which appeal is dominant?

A student council speech: "The canteen queue takes 22 minutes at noon. Two more counters cut it to about 8 during fiesta week. I stood in it myself. Cold rice helps no one." Which appeal is dominant?

A radio guest says: "I trained this province's rescue teams for twelve years and wrote the drill manual they still use. Panic kills. Follow the drill I describe." Which appeal is dominant?

A ferry safety flyer: "Picture the empty chair at your table, and the silence where your child's voice used to be, if the boat sails overloaded again." Which appeal is dominant?

An office memo: "Of 300 laptops issued, 41 failed within a year, and all 41 came from one batch. Replacing that batch removes most failures. I have run this office since 2019." Which appeal is dominant?

A barangay letter: "Our street floods whenever a night's rain passes 90 millimeters. That happened five times last year, and the street flooded all five times." Which appeal is dominant?

A school paper editorial: "Friday club attendance rose from 60 to 96 after the late bus began. Cut the bus and it falls back. Our staff have covered clubs all year." Which appeal is dominant?

A group writes: "Nine of the twelve classrooms we measured were above 34 degrees Celsius at noon. That is why we ask for fans." What do the measurements do in this argument?

A speaker says: "Two towns near us tried the same curfew. Both saw the same rise in complaints." What do the paired examples let the speaker do?

A tutoring center advertises: "Complaints about our tutors dropped by half this term." What must a reader know before this counts as evidence?

A poster claims: "Four out of five swimmers prefer the new pool hours." The survey asked five swimmers in all. What is the flaw in the reasoning?

A speaker argues: "The new schedule is the best one, because no better schedule exists." Why does this reasoning fail?

An article states: "Studies show that noise harms study habits." No study is named or described. Why is this weak as reasoning?

A report finds that students who eat breakfast score higher on the morning test. Which conclusion does this finding actually support?

A club surveyed only its own members and reports that 92 percent want the club funded. What does that result actually show?

A memo says: "Sales of our juice rose from 200 to 250 crates, so it is now the town's favorite drink." Where does the reasoning give out?

A group tells a panel of engineers that its footbridge design is safe because "people feel calm crossing it." What must the group add for this audience?

A writer hands general readers a page of raw statistical tables to argue for a water filter. What should the writer change so these readers can follow the reasoning?

A student tells science teachers that a fertilizer works because "our garden looked greener this year." What do these readers need instead?

A barangay report: "We repaired 12 of our 15 pumps. Water outages fell from nine days a month to two. Our team has served here since the flood." Which appeal is dominant?

A speech runs: "Our team practices six days a week. Teams that practice six days win more games. So expect us to win more." Which sentence states the conclusion?

An argument runs: "The library is empty at 7 p.m., so we should close it then." What must be true for this reasoning to hold?

A number counts as evidence only when the reader can tell what it measured.

An argument that uses statistics is always stronger than one that uses examples.

A repair shop tarpaulin: "We fixed 1,240 motorcycles last year, and 1,190 owners rated the work good. Our head mechanic has 15 years on the job." Which appeal is dominant?

A flyer states: "87.4 percent of shoppers prefer our stall." No survey is described anywhere on it. What does the exact figure mainly do?

An advertisement argues: "Our soap sells the most, so it cleans the best." Where does the reasoning give out?

A council reports that 15 of its 60 street lamps are broken. Which statement follows from that report?

A trial of later start times found students slept 41 minutes longer, and test scores also rose that term. What can the speaker fairly claim?

An argument says: "Nobody has complained about the ramp, so it works for everyone." What is the gap in the reasoning?

A report of enrollment figures ends with this line: "Every one of those children deserves a fair chance." Which appeal does the last line add?

An argument built on rainfall figures ends with this line: "I have surveyed this river for eleven years." Which appeal does the last line add?

A speaker gives figures, then adds: "You would agree with them if you really cared about this town." What has the speaker done?

A survey of 30 shoppers on one street is used to claim what the whole province prefers. What is the problem with the reasoning?

A seller argues that a lamp pays for itself: it costs PHP 450 and saves PHP 15 on power each month. What does the arithmetic show?

A poster claims that a filter "removes 99.9 percent of what matters." Why is this not yet reasoning?

Which move in a speech asking for road repairs is logos?