Mara argues her town needs a library. She adds, "The 1968 town charter set aside the lot on Rizal Street for public use." What kind of support is her added sentence?

A student writes, "We surveyed 300 of the 1,200 learners. Two in three read on a phone, so most learners in the school likely read on phones." What kind of support is the final clause?

In a debate on class hours, a school nurse states, "From what I know of teen sleep, a 6 a.m. start harms concentration." What kind of support is her statement?

Luis argues the footbridge is unsafe. He adds, "I crossed it last Tuesday and two planks moved under my foot." What kind of support is his added sentence?

A report says, "Of 500 households sampled, 180 own a bicycle. We conclude that about 36 in every 100 households in the city own one." What kind of support is the conclusion?

Ana argues that the new rule is misnamed. She adds, "A curfew is a rule that requires people to be indoors by a set hour." What kind of support is her added sentence?

Rita opposes moving the market. She writes, "I have sold fish at the old stalls for nine years, and my regular buyers all live nearby." What kind of support is her sentence?

An engineer who has inspected many bridges writes, "Given the rust I have seen on similar spans, I judge this bridge will need repair within five years." What kind of support is her judgment?

A poster reads, "In a sample of 400 buyers, 25 percent chose the new flavor, so roughly one buyer in four across the country will choose it." What kind of support is the last clause?

A student writes, "The school opened in 1954, according to the marker set in its main wall." What kind of support is this sentence?

Marco supports a ban on plastic straws. He adds, "When I helped clean the shore last summer, I filled two sacks with straws myself." What kind of support is his sentence?

A veterinarian writes, "Based on the cases I treat each month, I believe the stray dogs in this barangay are underfed." What kind of support is her statement?

A council paper states, "Ninety of the 300 drivers we counted used the side road, so we estimate that 30 percent of all drivers avoid the highway." What kind of support is the estimate?

A brochure states, "A new library card costs PHP 50, as printed on the library's posted price list." What kind of support is this sentence?

A club claims all students want longer breaks. Its proof: "Nine of the ten club members we asked said yes." What limitation attaches to this statistic?

A stall owner claims sales doubled. His proof: "Last week I sold 2 shirts; this week I sold 4, a rise of 100 percent." What limitation attaches to this statistic?

A flyer shows a bar chart of class scores. Its vertical axis begins at 70, so a gap of 2 points fills half the chart. What limitation attaches to this presentation?

A radio show reports, "Of the 2,000 listeners who called in, 80 percent oppose the new fare." What limitation attaches to this number?

A poster reads, "Complaints about the canteen fell by 40 percent this year." The number of complaints is never given. What limitation attaches to this claim?

A report notes that ice cream sales and swimming both rose in April. It then states that buying ice cream makes people swim. What limitation attaches to this reasoning?

A group tested the water in one river and reported that rivers across the province are clean. What limitation attaches to this statistic?

A school reports an average allowance of PHP 300 a day and calls every learner comfortable. Most learners receive PHP 80 and a few receive PHP 2,000. What limitation attaches to the average?

A traffic study counted vehicles at a junction many years ago. A writer uses it to claim the junction is quiet today. What limitation attaches to the evidence?

A shop owner tells the council that the new road helped his business, and asks the council to extend the road. What limitation attaches to his testimony?

A drinks company employs a scientist who reports that the company's juice improves memory. What limitation attaches to this informed opinion?

A survey asked, "Do you agree that our excellent canteen should stay open longer?" Ninety percent agreed. What limitation attaches to this result?

A school sent 900 forms home and 60 came back, all praising the uniform. The report calls parents pleased. What limitation attaches to this result?

A principal claims a reading program raised scores across the school. The data cover only the Grade 7 classes, whose scores rose 6 points. What do the numbers actually support?

A shop claims its soap is the best for skin. Its test found that the soap dissolves grease faster than two other bars. What claim do the results actually support?

A group claims that teens sleep too little. Its survey covered 150 Grade 9 learners in one city, of whom 70 percent slept under seven hours. What does the survey actually support?

A council claims new lamps cut crime. Records show that thefts on the lit street fell from 20 to 14 in a year. What do the records actually support?

An advertisement claims a drink boosts energy for everyone. The study tested 40 runners aged 18 to 22 and recorded faster times. What does the study actually support?

A writer claims the town loves its festival. She notes that 3,000 of the town's 50,000 residents attended. What do her numbers actually support?

A report claims online lessons work better. It found that learners who chose online classes scored higher, and that those learners already held top grades. What does the report actually support?

A canteen claims students prefer its meals. Of 200 students asked while queuing at the canteen, 80 percent said they liked the food. What do the numbers actually support?

A brochure claims a vitamin prevents colds. In the trial, the people who took it had colds lasting one day less. What does the trial actually support?

A team claims its app helps everyone save. Users who logged spending daily saved PHP 500 a month, while users who logged less saved nothing. What do the results actually support?

"The town office recorded 412 births last year." This sentence reports a counted record, so it offers factual knowledge rather than a statistical inference.

A statistic drawn from a large sample can still mislead if the people in that sample were not chosen fairly.

A survey of 30 people in one barangay proves what the whole province thinks.