A barangay nurse tells a health forum: "I have run this clinic for twelve years, and I trained every health worker standing behind me." Which appeal is dominant?

A water board report states: "After the new pipes were laid, leak reports fell from 40 a month to 6, and repair costs fell by half." Which appeal is dominant?

A speaker says: "Think of the child who walks two kilometers in the rain to reach a classroom with no roof. Picture her books soaked before the first bell." Which appeal is dominant?

A candidate for a village post says: "I grew up on this street. I fetched water from the same pump you did, and my family is buried in the same churchyard." Which appeal is dominant?

A teacher reports: "Three classes used the new reading kit and every one of them gained. The class without the kit stayed flat." Which appeal is dominant?

A relief worker says: "Imagine your youngest cousin asleep in a room that floods every June. Imagine her waking with water at her chin." Which appeal is dominant?

A speaker opens: "I have been elected head of the fishers' cooperative for three terms, so I speak for the boats in this bay." Which appeal is dominant?

A speaker says: "I have argued against this ordinance before, and I lost. Tonight I will still state the other side's case fairly." Which appeal is dominant?

A vendor argues: "If the market closes at six, we lose the evening buyers. Evening buyers are half of daily sales, so a six o'clock close halves our income." Which appeal is dominant?

An alumna writes: "The old tree by the gate shaded four generations of pupils. Cutting it would take a piece of everyone's childhood away." Which appeal is dominant?

A speaker begins: "I am a licensed engineer, and I have inspected bridges in this province for nineteen years." Which appeal is dominant?

A proposal states: "Two of every five students skip breakfast, and those students score lowest on morning tests. A morning meal meets that exact gap." Which appeal is dominant?

A speaker says: "Picture the empty seat at the back of the room, the bag no one collects, the name the teacher still calls out of habit." Which appeal is dominant?

A store owner says: "I run the store on your corner. I gave you credit when the harvest failed, and I have never raised a price during a storm." Which appeal is dominant?

An engineer writes: "June rainfall was double last June's, while the drains still carry only the old volume. The flooding follows from those two numbers." Which appeal is dominant?

A speaker says: "Hunger here is not a statistic. No parent in this barangay should have to choose which child eats first tonight." Which appeal is dominant?

At a hearing a speaker says: "Believe me, I am the best-informed person in this room on flood control." Is his credibility earned in the passage or merely asserted?

A speaker says: "I have measured this river's level every morning for eleven years, and the notebooks are at the barangay hall." Is her credibility earned in the passage or merely asserted?

A speaker opens: "Any real farmer will tell you I know more about corn than the agronomists do." Is his credibility earned in the passage or merely asserted?

A speaker says: "I have farmed this valley for thirty seasons, and I lost two harvests learning what not to plant here." Is his credibility earned in the passage or merely asserted?

A shop owner writes to customers: "I made this same mistake two years ago, and here is exactly what it cost my shop." How does the admission affect his ethos with those readers?

A clinic's notice reads: "Our patient records for the last five years are open, and any resident may read them." Is the clinic's authority earned in the passage or merely claimed?

Which sentence earns a boat repairman's authority instead of only claiming it?

Which sentence earns a teacher's authority instead of only claiming it?

A seller argues: "I have run this feed store for twenty years, so my new fertilizer mix must be the best in the province." Her standing is offered in place of which appeal?

A tutor's flyer says: "I placed first in my licensure exam, so my method raises reading scores fastest." What would turn the second claim into an argument?

A vet tells farmers: "I have treated goats here for fifteen years. Herds moved to the new feed gained four kilos more in one season." Which part gives evidence rather than credibility?

A speaker tells neighbors: "I have lived in this purok all my life, and my family's plot sits beside yours in the cemetery." What is his ethos doing here?

A speaker tells parents: "As chair of the school board for two terms, I sign every budget you pay into." What is her ethos doing here?

A doctor tells a town meeting: "I have set broken bones in this town for thirty years, and I have seen what these roads do." What is his ethos doing here?

A speaker begins: "I will start with the strongest point against my plan, and I will not hide any part of it." What is her ethos doing here?

A speaker tells a hearing: "I have no stake in this contract. I own no land near the new road and no share in any hauling firm." What is his ethos doing here?

A designer must persuade engineers who doubt her. Which addition would most strengthen her ethos with that audience?

A speaker must persuade worried parents to join a new feeding program. Which addition would most strengthen her ethos with them?

An audience already trusts a speaker's honesty but doubts that his plan will actually work. Which appeal should he add?

An audience suspects a speaker is paid by the firm whose plan she is defending. Which appeal must she repair first?

A package for a new vitamin drink carries one line of support: "Recommended by professionals." Does that line earn the reader's trust or only borrow it?

A speaker lists eleven awards, then concludes that his road plan is safe. What has he still not given the audience?

A speaker who reports twelve years of work with flood victims is building ethos.

Ethos is earned the moment a speaker states that he is an expert.