A barangay volunteer writes: "I have served this street for ten years. Last week I carried a coughing child through water at midnight. She was five. Fix the drain before another child chokes." Which appeal dominates?

A student council candidate says: "Our canteen line takes 22 minutes. Lunch break is 40. Three of every four students eat standing. I have timed the line every day this term." Which appeal dominates?

A school nurse writes: "I have run this clinic for twelve years and treated every fever in it. Parents know I have never turned a sick child away. Trust me: the roof leak must be fixed." Which appeal dominates?

A Malaya Animal Shelter flyer reads: "The dogs wait. Every night one more is left at our gate, thin and shaking. We took in 60 dogs last year. Turn away and the gate stays full." Which appeal dominates?

A town engineer's report says: "The bridge carries 900 trucks a day. It was built for 400. Two support beams have cracked since March. I have inspected bridges for eight years." Which appeal dominates?

A coach tells parents: "I played on this court for six seasons and coached on it for nine. No player of mine has been hurt on a wet floor, because I check it myself. Believe me about the roof." Which appeal dominates?

A speaker says: "I have visited that ward twice. Picture your own grandmother waiting alone in a cold hallway, calling a name nobody answers. Would you leave her there? Then vote yes." Which appeal dominates?

A writer argues: "Rain tanks cut water bills by a third in the three schools that installed them. Repairs cost less than one month of water. Nobody wants a dry faucet in May." Which appeal dominates?

A columnist writes: "I have taught reading for thirty years, so you may take my word that the new schedule works. My readers have never known me to be wrong. It will help tired students too." Which appeal dominates?

A barangay report states: "Of 240 households surveyed, 180 lose power weekly. Outages last four hours on average. Families eat dinner in the dark." Which appeal dominates the report?

A letter says: "Our library floor floods each June. I have run the reading club there for four years. Children sit on wet mats and cry when their pages tear." Which feature decides that pathos dominates?

A memo says: "Absences rose from 4 to 19 after the roof leak. I have kept this record for six years. No child should study under a dripping ceiling." Which feature decides that logos dominates?

A doctor writes: "I have run this rural clinic for fifteen years and never refused a patient. Two nurses left in May. Mothers walk far with feverish babies." Which feature decides that ethos dominates?

A leaflet reads: "One in five of our students walks home in the dark. We have walked that road with them. Imagine your own child there, alone, headlights rushing past. Imagine the call you would dread." Which feature makes pathos dominate?

A teacher argues: "I have taught here for eleven years. Scores fell 12 points the term the lights failed and rose 10 points the term they were fixed. Children copied notes by phone light." Which feature decides that logos dominates?

A parent group's letter to the town budget officer says only: "Our children are hot and miserable in that room." The officer decides by cost and figures. What must the letter add to reach him?

A stranger sends parents a letter full of figures about a new tutoring plan. The parents have never heard of him and set the letter aside. What must he add to reach them?

A report to donors lists flood damage totals and repair costs, page after page. These donors give when they feel that people need them. What must the report add to reach them?

A speaker tells teachers: "Trust me. I have led schools for twenty years, so the new schedule will work." The teachers answer that they want proof. What must he add to reach them?

A health officer's talk to Grade 9 students is all statistics about lost sleep. The students say the numbers do not touch them. What must she add to reach them?