A city needs to estimate how much tree canopy was lost across the whole city after a storm without sending crews to every block. What source best fits the task?

Road crews are marking the exact positions of flooded intersections as they drive through a county. What technology best records those locations?

A district wants the number of school-age children by census tract before planning new classrooms. What data source fits this need?

A transit agency wants to learn why riders say they avoid certain bus stops after dark. What method would best answer that question?

During a hurricane, residents submit road closures and damage reports through a public mapping app. What kind of source is the agency using?

A planner needs to combine parcel boundaries, zoning rules, and bus stop locations on one map and search for parcels near stops. What technology is needed?

A county planning vaccine clinics wants recent estimates of residents' ages and incomes by tract, between the once-a-decade counts. Which Census Bureau source provides them?

An agency uses satellite images to watch for new road cuts in a remote forest each month. What advantage of remote sensing does this rely on?

Park staff carry GPS receivers to record the locations of trailheads on a new trail. How does each receiver find its position?

A geographer asks residents to sketch their neighborhood from memory, marking places that feel welcoming or unsafe. What is she collecting?

A city lets residents report potholes with a phone app that adds each report to a public map. What is the main advantage of this data source?

A researcher uses GPS to record grocery store locations, then uses GIS to map stores per neighborhood. What does the GIS do that the GPS does not?

A geographer records long interviews with market vendors about how their trade has changed. What kind of data has she collected?

A county table lists each tract's median household income in dollars. How should that data be classified?

A student writes field notes describing storefront signs, sidewalk activity, and how safe a block feels. What type of data is this?

A building inventory records the height in feet of every structure downtown. What kind of data is being collected?

A survey asks residents to tell stories about why they moved into a neighborhood, instead of checking boxes from a list. What is the main strength of this approach?

A public works map totals the number of pothole reports on each block. What kind of data is the block total?

A class lists the neighborhood names people use for an area, including unofficial labels not printed on maps. What data type is this list?

A planner places flood zones, parcel boundaries, and school locations on one map to find schools inside the flood zone. What GIS capability is used?

A city wants to identify all homes within a half mile of a proposed rail station. What GIS operation fits this task?

Emergency analysts turn street addresses of 911 calls into map points before studying response times. What GIS capability are they using?

A health department attaches a table of asthma rates to census tract polygons using a shared tract ID. What GIS capability is this?

A logistics team uses a street network to find the fastest route between clinics while avoiding closed roads. What GIS capability is central?

A geographer selects all parcels that touch a polluted stream layer, then exports their owner list. What GIS capability makes this possible?

The census count shows a state has grown faster than others. What direct political consequence can follow after apportionment?

If a neighborhood is undercounted in census data used for federal grant formulas, what direct result is most likely?

A state uses new census population totals to redraw legislative districts with similar numbers of people. What process is this?

A city undercounts young children in several tracts, then uses those data to plan elementary schools. What planning error may result?

A county's census count falls below its actual population, and the state redraws legislative districts from those counts. What consequence can follow?

A user-edited street map has detailed trails near a university but few features in a low-income district. What limitation does this show?

A planner uses optical satellite imagery from a cloudy week to map flood damage. What limitation should she expect?

A GPS receiver in a downtown canyon of tall buildings places a survey point on the wrong side of the street. What limitation is likely?

A census outreach team worries that people without stable housing are missed more often than homeowners. What bias is the concern?

A student interviews shoppers only at noon outside one mall, then describes the whole city's shopping patterns. What limitation affects the data?