A child knows robins, sparrows and eagles are birds, but says a penguin is not a bird because it does not fly. What is shaping the child's category judgment?

A toddler calls every four-legged animal a dog after learning the family pet's name. Which process does this show?

Mia sorts objects by shared features: all tools in one box, all foods in another, and all clothing in a third. What cognitive activity is she using?

When asked to picture fruit, Omar first thinks of an apple, then uses it to judge whether olives and tomatoes feel fruit-like. What is the apple serving as?

A student learns that a whale is a mammal because it nurses young and breathes air, not because it looks like a dog or cat. Which basis for a concept is being used?

A child includes a beanbag chair in the furniture category even though it has no legs because people sit on it. What does this illustrate about categories?

To solve a lock, Ben tries 000, then 001, then 002 until the code works. What problem-solving strategy is this?

A shopper chooses the second-cheapest headphones because she assumes the cheapest pair will be poor quality. What is she using?

Looking up a word, Ana opens the dictionary near the correct letter instead of starting at page one. What is this approach?

A chess app examines every legal move and every possible reply several turns ahead before choosing. Which strategy is closest to this?

After staring at a puzzle, Jada suddenly sees the solution all at once. Which problem-solving event is this?

After seeing news about a shark attack, Leo refuses to swim in the ocean even though such attacks are rare. Which heuristic is influencing him?

A quiet student who loves math is assumed to be a computer programmer rather than a salesperson, even though salespeople are far more common. Which heuristic is this?

After several local burglaries are shared online, Priya overestimates how likely her own home is to be robbed. Which heuristic is at work?

A coach assumes a tall student must be great at basketball before seeing the student play. Which heuristic does the coach use?

Because her cousin had a bad reaction to a vaccine, Nina thinks serious vaccine reactions are common. Which heuristic best explains this judgment?

A person meets one sharply dressed lawyer and then guesses another sharply dressed stranger is a lawyer too. Which heuristic guides the guess?

Rafi searches only for articles that support his opinion about homework and ignores studies that challenge it. What bias is this?

Shown that the study he cited was retracted for fabricated data, Colin still insists its conclusion must be true. What is this?

Tara is 95 percent sure she got every answer right, but she actually misses half the quiz. Which bias does this show?

People support a surgery more when told it has a 90 percent survival rate than when told it has a 10 percent death rate. What effect is shown?

Before guessing the height of a building, students hear an absurd guess of 1,000 feet, and their estimates move upward. Which bias is this?

A student cannot think to use a coin as a screwdriver because she sees it only as money. What blocks her solution?

After solving five math problems with the same formula, Eli applies it to a sixth problem where a simpler method would work better. What is this?

The difference between the sounds /b/ and /p/ changes bat into pat. Which structural level of language is being changed?

In the word books, the -s changes the meaning from one book to more than one. What is -s?

The sentence 'The dog chased the boy' means something different from 'The boy chased the dog' because of what language feature?

A preschooler says 'I goed home' and 'I saw two mouses.' Which language pattern is this?

An infant around 4 months repeats sounds like 'ba-ba-ba' without using them as real words. Which milestone is this?

A child around age 1 says 'milk' to mean 'I want milk.' Which language milestone is this?

A two-year-old says 'want cookie' and 'go park,' leaving out function words but keeping meaning. Which milestone is this?

Evidence that people who do well on one mental task tend to do well on others best supports which view of intelligence?

A researcher argues intelligence includes distinct verbal, numerical, spatial and memory abilities rather than one single g. Which view is closest?

A student with savant syndrome shows extraordinary calendar calculation but struggles in many other areas. Which theory uses such evidence most directly?

A psychologist separates intelligence into analytical, creative and practical abilities. Which theory is being described?

A school program teaches students to notice how they feel, read how others feel and handle conflict calmly. Which intelligence concept fits best?

The curve shows IQ scores with mean 100 and standard deviation 15. About what share of scores falls below 100?

On the IQ curve, scores from 85 to 115 are shaded. Roughly what percentage of scores is in this band?

The IQ curve shades scores above 130. In standard-deviation terms, where is 130 when the mean is 100 and the standard deviation is 15?

The IQ curve shades scores from 70 to 130. About what share of scores lies in that interval?