'I have taught science in this school for eighteen years, and I have never asked you for anything. Trust me when I say our laboratory must be repaired.' Which appeal is dominant here?

'Last year 214 students used the library daily. This year only 96 do. The shorter opening hours match the drop exactly, so restoring the hours should bring readers back.' Which appeal is dominant?

'Picture your little sister walking home in the dark, holding her bag tight, listening for footsteps. That is what our unlit street asks of her every night.' Which appeal is dominant?

'As a nurse at the barangay health center, I have treated every dengue case here since 2019. I am asking you to clear the standing water behind your houses.' Which appeal is dominant?

'We grew up on this same street. We queue at the same sari-sari store. I would not be asking for your vote if I did not want for this place what you want.' Which appeal is dominant?

'Three of our four classrooms flood when rain lasts over an hour. The canal is blocked at one point only. Clearing that point would keep the rooms dry.' Which appeal is dominant?

'The old dog waited at the gate for six days. He did not eat. He only watched the road. Nobody ever came back for him.' Which appeal is dominant in this passage?

'I am a fisherman. My father fished this bay, and his father before him. I have watched the catch shrink for thirty years, and I say the season must close.' Which appeal is dominant?

'The bridge was built in 1978 to carry eight tons. The trucks crossing it now weigh twelve. Inspectors found cracks in two supports in March.' Which appeal is dominant?

'Every morning Mila walks two hours to reach us. She arrives hungry, with mud to her knees, and she still smiles at the gate.' Which appeal is dominant in this passage?

'I served as your barangay treasurer for six years, and every peso I handled appears in the public records. Let me handle this fund too.' Which appeal is dominant?

'Our team scored late in four straight games. In each of the four we made three substitutions after halftime. Fresh legs late are winning us matches.' Which appeal is dominant?

'Think of the fear on a grandmother's face when the water reaches her door at midnight and no one answers her call for help.' Which appeal is dominant here?

'I will state the strongest point against me: the plan will cost more. I have never hidden a cost from you, and I am not hiding this one.' Which appeal is dominant?

'When the canteen cut rice meals by 10 pesos, sales rose from 180 to 260 plates a day. A smaller cut on drinks should raise drink sales too.' Which appeal is dominant?

'For twelve years I have coached this team without pay, through two typhoons and one lost gym. Give me one more season to finish what we started.' Which appeal is dominant?

'The classroom smells of smoke. The children's drawings are gone. A boy asks his teacher, very quietly, whether the school will still be there tomorrow.' Which appeal is dominant?

'Ninety of our 120 Grade 8 students ride the same jeepney route, and only one trip runs before seven. A second early trip would cut most late arrivals.' Which appeal is dominant?

'I have lived in this barangay my whole life and served ten years on its disaster team. I have carried neighbors out of this flood myself.' Which appeal is dominant?

Doctor Reyes begins, 'I have run this clinic for twenty years.' She then prints the clinic's yearly case counts. What does her first sentence do?

A famous actor writes, 'Believe me, this vitamin works. I have taken it for years.' He gives no test results. What is his experience doing in this argument?

A coach writes, 'My first training plan failed, and I said so to the whole team. This new plan fixes what went wrong.' What does admitting the failure do for him?

A writer argues for later class start times and prints sleep records from 200 students in the same school. What are those records doing in her argument?

A campaign for a school feeding fund opens with one page about a boy who shares his lunch with his younger brother. What is that story doing?

A speaker opens a road-safety talk with, 'Every one of us wants our children home before dark.' What is that opening doing?

A champion swimmer's face appears on an advertisement for house paint, above the words 'I trust this brand.' Why does his standing fail to support the claim?

A student council asks the school board for classroom fans. Their letter says only that the rooms are hot and the students are tired. What should they add?

An unsigned blog post argues that a footbridge is unsafe. It never says who wrote it or what the writer knows about bridges. What should the writer add?

A report for donors at a fundraising night lists only percentages of students who skip breakfast. The writer wants those donors to give tonight. What should she add?

Engineer Cruz has inspected school buildings for fifteen years. She lists the cracks she found in the gym and explains what each one means. Is her credibility earned, or does it replace evidence?

'I have been in politics for thirty years, so you can take it from me that this budget is fair.' No figures follow. Is his credibility earned, or does it replace evidence?

A farmer who has grown two rice varieties side by side for six seasons reports his sack counts for each season, then recommends one. Is his credibility earned, or does it replace evidence?

A singer tells listeners that a cough medicine is the safest one sold, and adds that she has sung for twenty years. Is her credibility earned, or does it replace evidence?

A teacher proposing a reading program reports her own class scores before and after she ran it last year. Is her credibility earned, or does it replace evidence?

An article lists five of the writer's awards at the top, then states his conclusion about the town's water supply and stops. Is his credibility earned, or does it replace evidence?

A barangay health worker urges neighbors to cover their water drums and reports the number of dengue cases she recorded on each street. Is her credibility earned, or does it replace evidence?

'As your principal, I do not need to explain this decision. You may simply accept it.' Is her credibility earned, or does it replace evidence?

A group asks the town council to fund a footbridge. Which addition would strengthen the group's credibility with the council?

'I have worked in this hospital for twelve years and I have seen every dengue season here.' The speaker is appealing to her own credibility.

A singer's award for music makes her a credible source on which water filter a family should buy.