A toddler who has never used a phone holds a block to her ear and says hello after watching her dad. This behavior is best explained by

A dance coach performs a new step slowly, and players copy her movements until they match. The coach's demonstration is an example of

Lena learns how to tie a tie by watching a tutorial several times, then tying one herself for the first time. This is

A child sees an older cousin praised for saying sorry after spilling juice, so the child starts saying sorry after accidents. The child's change shows

During lab, Marco watches his partner put on safety goggles before mixing chemicals, then he does the same next time without being reminded. This shows

After seeing classmates raise their hands before speaking, a new student begins raising her hand too. This learned behavior is best explained by

In Bandura's Bobo doll studies, children who watched an adult hit the doll later struck it too. The finding supported the idea that

In a Bandura variation, children saw a model rewarded or punished for aggression before they could play. The result showed that observed consequences can affect

Bandura used the Bobo doll procedure to challenge a strict behaviorist claim because children imitated aggression without

Erin wanders a new school for a week. When late for a quiz, she takes a shortcut she has never used. The mental layout guiding her route is a

Rats explore a maze with no food reward. When food appears later, they reach it quickly. This pattern demonstrates

Jamal never drove to the stadium, but after many rides there he can direct a friend through back streets. His route knowledge is best called a

A museum intern seems not to learn the galleries until a visitor asks for a shortcut and she gives one. The earlier hidden learning was

After staring at a tricky puzzle, Priya suddenly sees that turning one piece sideways solves the whole thing. This sudden restructuring is

A student stuck on a proof stops listing random steps, then suddenly notices a relation that makes the answer clear. The best term is

Learning marked by an abrupt 'aha' solution instead of gradual reinforcement is called

Nia practices piano because solving a hard passage feels satisfying, even when no one grades it. Her behavior is driven mainly by

Carlos volunteers for an extra shift only because it earns a cash bonus. His behavior is driven mainly by

Maya loved drawing, but after adults paid her for each picture, she drew less when payment stopped. This illustrates

The overjustification effect refers to reduced intrinsic motivation after a person receives

For a science fair, Aisha chooses a harder project because she enjoys figuring it out, not because of prizes. The motive is

After repeated shocks it could not escape, a dog later fails to jump a low barrier to safety. This classic pattern is

Leo fails quizzes despite studying and then stops trying in an easier unit where practice would help. This behavior illustrates

In an online game, random penalties occur no matter what Dana does. Later, even when strategy matters, Dana gives up quickly. This is

Learned helplessness is best described as