Devon can say where he sat in class yesterday, though he never tried to remember it. How was the seating detail encoded?

After hearing a new locker combination, Maya repeats it and practices opening the lock until she knows it. How is the combination being encoded?

Jordan can tell you that the fire drill happened before lunch today, though he never tried to remember the order of events. What kind of processing encoded this?

Liam makes flashcards for every memory term and quizzes himself for 30 minutes. What kind of processing is he using?

Talia notices that the attendance bell rang three times today and later recalls that number without having tried to learn it. What process best explains this encoding?

During a memory task, Naomi sees the word LEVEL and focuses on its capital-letter shape and symmetry instead of its meaning. What type of encoding is she using?

Marcus remembers the term neuron by repeating how it sounds: NEW-ron, NEW-ron. What type of encoding is he using?

Asked to remember the word courage, Lena thinks about a time she defended a friend. What type of encoding is she using?

To remember the word BIRD, Amir pictures the letters printed in bright blue block type. What type of encoding is this?

For the word justice, Priya explains that it means treating people fairly under rules. What type of encoding is she using?

Ravi learns a 12-digit student ID as 481-226-904-771 instead of one long string. Which encoding strategy is he using?

Sofia imagines her vocabulary terms at her front door, couch, sink, and desk, then mentally walks through those places to recall them. Which strategy is this?

Ben turns the first letters of five lab steps into the pronounceable word SAILS. Which strategy is he using?

Jamal studies a chapter for 15 minutes on each of four nights instead of for one hour the night before the quiz. Which strategy is he using?

After reading a section, Nora closes the book and writes everything she can remember before checking her notes. Which strategy is she using?

While learning trait terms, Ezra asks how each word describes his own habits and choices. Which strategy is he using?

Instead of repeating a definition, Alina explains how the term retrieval cue connects to finding a file by using a search tag. Which strategy is she using?

Chris remembers the letter string FBICIAIRS by grouping it as FBI-CIA-IRS. Which strategy is he using?

Two groups study the same words: one names each word's font color, and one judges whether each word is pleasant or unpleasant. Who should recall more?

A teacher asks one class whether words rhyme and another class how each word could fit into a real-life example. Which class should remember more?

Levels of processing ranks encoding tasks by depth. Which order goes from shallowest to deepest: counting a word's vowels, judging whether it rhymes, or using it in a meaningful sentence?

The spacing effect predicts that long-term retention is strongest when study sessions are

The testing effect says practice tests improve memory mainly because they make the learner

The self-reference effect predicts better memory when a learner connects information to

Chunking improves memory by