About 65 percent of filtered sodium and water is reclaimed in one coiled segment whose cells have a dense brush border. Which segment is it?

In one thin arm, water leaves the tubule as fluid moves deeper into the salty medulla, while solutes stay mostly inside. Which part is doing this work?

Cells in one arm move sodium and chloride into the medulla, but water cannot follow through the tubule wall. Which part is this?

After the hairpin turn, fluid reaches a coiled cortical segment that adjusts pH by secreting H+ before fluid enters a shared drainage tube. Which segment is it?

ADH makes one shared tube more permeable to water as fluid passes through the medulla toward the papilla. Which part is most directly affected?

Filtered glucose and amino acids are normally transported back to the blood early, before fluid reaches the hairpin portion. Which segment performs most of that work?

Where the thick ascending limb meets the distal convoluted tubule, tightly packed cells beside the afferent arteriole sense sodium chloride concentration. What are these cells called?

A cortical coiled segment after the hairpin portion continues sodium chloride reabsorption and helps dilute tubular fluid. Which segment is it?

Many nephrons drain into the same straight channel that carries fluid down through a medullary pyramid. What is that channel?

Many drugs, such as penicillin, are actively secreted from the blood into the tubule, mostly in the first coiled segment of the nephron. Which segment is it?

Filtrate has just left the capsular space at the start of the nephron. Which segment does it enter next?

Fluid has finished the first coiled tubule in the cortex. Which part carries it next toward the medulla?

Filtrate has rounded the deepest bend of the hairpin portion. Which part does it enter immediately next?

Tubular fluid has left the salt-reabsorbing arm and returned to the cortex near the vascular pole. Which segment comes next?

Filtrate has completed the last coiled segment of a nephron. Which structure receives it next?

Which structure is immediately before the proximal convoluted tubule in the filtrate pathway?

Some diuretic drugs block the carrier that moves sodium, potassium, and chloride together out of the tubular fluid. Which segment uses this carrier to make the medulla salty?

Which segment is immediately upstream of the collecting duct?

A blockage in the proximal convoluted tubule backs fluid up into the capsular space. What happens to filtration in that nephron?

Collecting ducts empty their fluid at the tip of a renal pyramid. Which structure receives the fluid next?

A knot of fenestrated capillaries sits inside the cup at the head of the nephron. Which structure is the capillary knot?

A cup-shaped, double-walled epithelial sac surrounds the capillary tuft at the start of the nephron. Which structure is the sac?

The visceral layer of the corpuscle is made of cells with foot processes that form filtration slits. What are those cells called?

New filtrate first gathers between the visceral and parietal layers of the capsule. What is that space called?

The afferent and efferent arterioles meet the renal corpuscle at the same pole. What is that region called?

Filtrate exits the capsule into the first coiled tubule at one pole of the renal corpuscle. What is that region called?

The filtration barrier includes a capillary lining, a shared protein layer, and slit diaphragms. Which part is the shared protein layer?

Cells between capillary loops support the tuft and can change filtration surface area. Which cells are these?

Blood enters the capillary tuft through a small vessel that normally has a wider diameter than the exit vessel. Which vessel is it?

Blood has crossed the capillary tuft and then flows into the small vessel that will feed capillaries around tubules. Which vessel is it?

Which vessels wrap around the cortical coiled tubules and take up reclaimed water and solutes there?

Long straight capillaries descend beside deep hairpin loops in juxtamedullary nephrons. What are they called?

Blood in the cortex leaves an arcuate artery and then reaches branches that supply individual afferent arterioles. Which vessel comes next?

In a juxtamedullary nephron, the small vessel leaving the tuft mainly gives rise to which medullary capillary system?

If water can leave a thin descending arm but solutes mostly stay in the tubule, what happens to the tubular fluid?

If an ascending arm pumps salt outward but remains impermeable to water, what happens to the fluid inside that arm?

If early tubular transporters reclaim filtered glucose normally, what should a routine urinalysis show?

ADH rises during dehydration and adds water channels to the final drainage tubes. What is the direct result?

Aldosterone stimulates late tubule cells to reclaim sodium while secreting potassium. What follows in the tubular fluid?

If the filtration barrier at the corpuscle is damaged, what abnormal finding can enter the filtrate?