The United Kingdom gave Scotland its own parliament with power over schools, health care, and some taxes, while London kept defense and foreign policy. What is this process called?

A territory has recognized borders, a permanent population, a government, and the ability to make treaties with other countries. What political unit is it?

A country is sovereign, and most of its citizens share a common national identity, language, and history. What term best fits it?

Kurds share cultural identity and live across parts of several countries, but they do not have one sovereign country of their own. What term best describes them?

A country contains several large language and ethnic communities under one sovereign government. What kind of state does this describe?

A people living in several countries keep a shared identity through language, religion, and memory of a homeland. What geography term names that people?

A small island country has its own laws, courts, and foreign policy even though its people have mixed cultural backgrounds. What makes it a state?

A border follows the center of a major river between two countries. What kind of boundary is it?

A border runs straight along a line of latitude across a desert. What type of boundary is that?

A boundary was drawn to follow the area where one language is mostly spoken on one side and another language on the other. What kind of boundary is it?

Surveyors set a boundary across an unsettled desert before permanent towns or farms developed there. What type of boundary is it?

Colonial officials drew a border across the homelands of existing groups rather than following local cultural patterns. What type of boundary is it?

After two language communities had already settled an area, negotiators drew a boundary to separate them. What type of boundary is it?

The same language is spoken on both sides of a straight colonial-era border, and two governments administer the area. What best explains the split?

Customs posts are clustered at bridges and ferry landings because a border follows a wide river. What explains this pattern?

Landlocked countries such as Bolivia and Ethiopia must send most of their exports through a neighbor's seaport. What does this make them depend on?

Lesotho has no coastline, and every part of its border touches just one country, South Africa. What border situation is this?

A straight desert border cuts through seasonal grazing lands, so herders cross it to reach wells used for generations. Why do officials need crossing rules?

A border follows a high mountain crest, and villages on each side trade mainly with valleys in their own country. What explains the trade pattern?

A state tells foreign police they cannot arrest suspects inside its territory without permission. Which principle is it asserting?

A country issues visas, checks passports at airports, and can deny entry to noncitizens. What authority is it using?

Two governments exchange ambassadors and sign treaties as equals. Each is treating the other as what?

In a federal country, a province runs schools but cannot make its own treaty with another country. What does this show?

An island government enforces fishing rules in its territorial waters and rejects another navy's patrols without consent. Which principle is involved?

Two states each claim the same island chain and send patrols near it. What kind of border problem is this?

A treaty says the border follows a river's deepest channel, but the channel has shifted and states disagree where the line now lies. What dispute type is this?

Neighbors agree on the border line but argue over bridge inspection hours, truck fees, and how the crossing is operated. What type of dispute is this?

Two states agree on their land border but dispute rights to a natural gas field that extends across it. What type of dispute is this?

A peace treaty describes a boundary in words, but each state interprets the wording differently before the line is mapped. What type of dispute is this?

India and Pakistan each govern part of Kashmir, and each claims areas the other governs. What type of border problem is this?