Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese, and Romanian all descend from Latin. What branch of Indo-European do they belong to?

English, German, Dutch, Swedish, and Norwegian are part of which branch of Indo-European?

Russian, Polish, Czech, Serbian, and Ukrainian are grouped in which Indo-European branch?

Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, Punjabi, and Persian belong to which Indo-European branch?

Mandarin Chinese, Tibetan, and Burmese are usually grouped in which language family?

Swahili, Zulu, Xhosa, and Shona are in which large branch of the Niger-Congo family?

The most widespread language family across sub-Saharan Africa, especially west, central, eastern, and southern Africa, is which family?

Arabic, Hebrew, Amharic, and Hausa are linked to a family centered in North Africa, Southwest Asia, and the Horn of Africa. What family is it?

Indonesian, Tagalog, Malagasy, Hawaiian, and Maori are tied to island Southeast Asia, Madagascar, and the Pacific. What family is this?

Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, and Malayalam are mainly spoken in southern India and parts of Sri Lanka. What family are they in?

Finnish, Estonian, and Hungarian are European examples of which language family?

Portuguese is the main language of Brazil, across the Atlantic from Portugal. What diffusion process best explains that pattern?

Swahili developed along the East African coast with Bantu roots and many Arabic loanwords. What process best explains that mix?

English became important in courts, schools, and government in India during British rule and remains widely used. What spread mechanism fits this?

Malagasy is spoken on Madagascar but is related to languages of island Southeast Asia. What best explains this distant connection?

Arabic spread far beyond the Arabian Peninsula across North Africa. Which process best accounts for its regional expansion?

Traders from four countries with four first languages use English to bargain at a port. In that setting, English is serving as what?

A country's constitution names Spanish as the language for laws, courts, and public schools. What role does Spanish have there?

People in two valleys speak mutually understandable varieties with different pronunciation and local vocabulary. Each variety is best called what?

Far more people in East Africa speak Swahili than learned it as their first language at home. What best explains this?

Canada has two official languages, English and French. In which province do most people speak French as their first language?

A language is spoken fluently only by a few dozen elders, and no children are learning it at home. What follows for the language?

A community records a dictionary for an elder-only language, but children still do not use it daily. What is still needed for survival?

The last fluent speaker of a language dies, and no one can speak it conversationally. What has happened to the language?

Children in a village stop learning their heritage language and use the national language at home and school instead. What process is occurring?