In the Sahel, three failed rainy seasons dry wells and reduce harvests, so families leave their home district. Those reasons are the district's:

A clothing company in Ho Chi Minh City advertises higher wages and steady work, attracting workers from rural provinces. The jobs are the city's:

A family leaves Aleppo because fighting makes daily life unsafe. The violence at the origin is a:

A student from Nigeria moves to Germany because a university offers a scholarship and a place in an engineering program. The scholarship is a:

Repeated cyclone flooding damages homes in coastal Bangladesh, leading some households to move inland. The flooding is a:

Relatives already living in Toronto tell newcomers where to find apartments and work. For migrants deciding to go there, those family networks are:

After a copper mine closes in a Chilean town, many workers leave to look for employment elsewhere. The mine closure is a:

Each summer, herders in the Alps move livestock to high mountain pastures and return to lower valleys in winter. Geographers call this movement:

A family leaves a village for a small town, later moves to a regional city, and finally settles in the national capital. This pattern is:

People from one town in Oaxaca keep settling in the same Los Angeles neighborhood because earlier migrants help them find work and housing. This is:

Farm workers travel to Spain's fruit-growing regions for the harvest and then return home when the harvest ends. Geographers call this:

A couple leaves central London and settles in a small village for a quieter life after retirement. This movement is best named:

A construction worker moves from Nepal to Qatar for a two-year contract. What type of migration is this?

Armenian communities live in many countries while maintaining ties to an ancestral homeland. Geographers call such a dispersed population a:

A family flees fighting in Sudan, crosses into Chad, and cannot safely return home. International agencies would classify them as:

After fighting in eastern DR Congo, a family leaves its village for another province but stays inside DR Congo. They are:

An engineer accepts a job offer in Canada and moves from India with a work permit. This person is best described as a:

Rohingya families flee persecution in Myanmar and cross into Bangladesh for safety. In migration geography, they are:

A Brazilian student moves to Portugal for a university degree and plans to return after graduation. The student is a:

Many Syrians first fled to neighboring Türkiye, Lebanon, and Jordan rather than distant countries. What best explains those destinations?

Migrants from the same Mexican village often cluster on the same few streets of a U.S. city where relatives already live. What best explains that pattern?

A Senegalese migrant chooses France over other European countries. Which pull factor best explains the choice?

Filipino nurses move to countries where hospitals recruit overseas staff and offer higher pay. What destination factor is most important here?

Some Moroccans heading to Europe choose Spain because it lies just across the Strait of Gibraltar. Which factor best explains that destination choice?

Indian software engineers often move to the United States, Britain, and Canada, where employers sponsor work visas and offer higher pay. What kind of factor draws them?

If most adults ages 20 to 40 leave a rural district for work in the capital, what population pattern is left at the source?

Workers from El Salvador send part of their wages back to relatives in their home communities. What are these money transfers called?

When many doctors and engineers leave a small country for higher-paid jobs abroad, what source-area effect may result?

In a village where mostly working-age men leave for construction jobs abroad, what demographic effect may appear at the source?

If many farmers leave a drought-hit rural district for a city, fields may be left untended. What source-area consequence does this show?