Feudalism in Western Europe organized society around what exchange?

A charter written about 1100 CE records a warrior kneeling before a lord, swearing to fight for him, and receiving a grant of land in return. What relationship does the charter describe?

What is this lord's estate, with its village and open strip fields, called?

On a manor, peasants called serfs farmed the lord's fields and could not leave the land. What did they receive in return?

In feudal Western Europe, a vassal and a serf held the same position in society.

The Byzantine Empire grew out of which part of the Roman Empire?

Constantinople stood on a narrow strait joining the Black Sea to the Mediterranean world. What advantage did this site give the city?

A vast domed church completed in Constantinople in the 500s CE became a model for later Byzantine building. What is that structure called?

For centuries Byzantine scribes copied and stored ancient Greek and Roman writings that had been lost elsewhere in Europe. Historians call this work an example of what?

In the 500s CE Byzantine jurists gathered centuries of scattered Roman law into one organized written code. Why do historians treat that project as important?

Byzantine churches were often decorated with pictures built from thousands of small glass and stone pieces pressed into wet plaster. What is this art form called?

The Byzantine Empire lasted for roughly a thousand years after the western Roman Empire collapsed.

What was a caliphate?

The first Islamic caliphate arose in the Arabian Peninsula in the 600s CE. Across roughly which regions had caliphate rule spread within about a century?

Baghdad's House of Wisdom drew scholars from many lands in the 800s CE. What work was done there?

Scholars in the Islamic caliphates developed a branch of mathematics whose name comes from an Arabic word meaning restoring or completing. What is it called?

European merchants eventually adopted a numeral system that reached them through the Islamic caliphates. Where had those numerals first been developed?

Which kind of religious building is shown here?

How was political power in the Byzantine Empire organized differently from political power in feudal Western Europe?

Why do historians study feudal Western Europe, the Byzantine Empire, and the Islamic caliphates together?