Notice A: "The canteen floor is wet. Two pupils slipped today. Please walk slowly." Notice B: "One wet floor can ruin your whole future!" Which notice is a fear appeal, and why?

Poster A: "Hold the rail. The top step is cracked and will be fixed on Friday." Poster B: "These stairs are a disaster waiting to happen! Nobody is safe!" Which poster gives a fair warning, and why?

Flyer A: "Heavy rain is forecast tonight. Bring a raincoat for the walk home." Flyer B: "Rain is coming! Anything could happen! Buy a raincoat now!" Which flyer is the fear appeal, and why?

A flyer says: "The noon sun is strong at 12:00. The only way to stay safe is to buy a Sunwise hat at the fair." Which test of a fair message does this flyer fail?

A poster says: "Play on our court! Everyone in town already does!" Which technique does the poster use?

Notice A: "The lamp failed the wire test on May 3." Ad B: "Our lamp passed the school safety check!" The check tested only the switch. Which technique does Ad B use?

A flyer lists nine good points about a new water jug and names no problem at all. Which technique does the flyer use?

A notice says: "The old tree by the field may drop branches in strong wind. Keep clear until Friday." Which question best checks whether this warning is fair?

A fair notice reads: "The path floods when rain is heavy. Use the covered walk instead." Which change would turn this notice into a fear appeal?

Notice: "The science room door sticks. The repair team comes Tuesday. Use the side door until then." What makes this a fair warning and not a fear appeal?

A notice says: "Do not lean on the low wall. It cracked in April, and the engineer marked it unsafe. It will be rebuilt in June." Which part shows that the risk is supported?

One bulb by the gate is out. Notice A: "Use the lighted path until Friday." Notice B: "The gate is now a danger zone. Stay away or else!" Which notice matches the size of the risk?

An ad reads: "Our padlock is thick steel and costs ninety pesos. Without it, thieves will empty every locker before morning!" Which line shows the fear is exaggerated?

A seller at the fair says: "Think how you would feel if your bag were gone. Feel that fear? Then buy my alarm today." What is wrong with the seller's reason?

A message warns that pupils who skip the new tutoring club will fall behind forever. What should a careful reader check first?

Sign A: "Bikes need a lamp after 6 p.m. The village rule began in May." Sign B: "Ride without our lamp and you will never get home!" What does Sign B leave out?

Three of the forty benches are broken. Report A: "Three benches need repair." Report B: "Our benches are almost all perfect!" Which report uses spin, and why?

A notice says: "One pupil forgot a jacket on Monday. Soon nobody will bring jackets, and our class will lose the tidiness prize." Which technique does this notice use?

Talk A: "Drink water during practice. The court reached 36 degrees at noon." Talk B: "Skip our sports drink and your team is finished!" Which talk gives the reader a fact to check, and how?

Two notices tell pupils to stay off the roof. The first quotes the engineer's report. The second says only: "Something terrible will happen!" Why is the second notice weaker?