Dockworkers with different home languages use a reduced mix of English words and local grammar only for loading and bargaining, and no children learn it at home. What is it?

On an island, a contact language that began on plantations is now the first language children learn at home, with regular grammar and everyday use. What is it?

The map line separates two areas where speakers of the same language pronounce one vowel differently, but they easily understand each other. What are the two varieties?

At a regional airport, workers from five language communities use English for safety briefings, though most speak another language at home. What role is English playing?

What is the key difference between a pidgin and a creole?

The map marks a line between places where speakers say the same word with two accents. Both sides use the same written language and understand each other. What kind of variation is shown?

Jamaican Patois, a creole that most Jamaicans learn at home, takes most of its vocabulary from which language?

People in a mountain valley use local vocabulary and pronunciation, but they read the same national newspapers as nearby plains towns and converse without translation. What is this variety?

The term lingua franca first named a mixed trade language used by merchants around which sea?

Why does a pidgin usually have a small vocabulary and simple grammar?

On the map, a line separates places where speakers of the same language use different words for a carbonated drink. What does the line mark?

A map line divides districts by two pronunciations of the same vowel in one language. What is the best interpretation of that line?

A map draws one line between regions that use different local words for the same bread roll while speaking the same language. What is that line?

The line on the map separates towns that use two endings for the same verb form in a single language. What does it show?

A field linguist maps where speakers switch from one pronunciation of the same word to another. The speakers remain mutually intelligible. What is mapped?

A map line separates areas that say the same object name two different ways in one language community. What geographic line is being shown?

A harbor contact code used only by adults becomes the home language of a new generation of children. How should its new status be classified?

A regional speech form is selected for courts, textbooks and broadcasts, while related local forms remain mostly informal. What happened to that variety?

A work-camp contact code stays limited to job commands, and families never use it as a home language. After many years, what has it remained?

A local language is adopted by the army and courts so citizens from many home-language groups can communicate. What role did it gain?

Which sequence describes how many creole languages form?

The map shows two former regional speech areas now separated enough that speakers need translation. What has the long-term split produced?

A port trade language becomes the language of parliament among many ethnic groups, but most children still learn other languages first at home. What role is emphasized?

Tanzania has many home languages, while Swahili is widely used in government, schooling and national communication. What role does Swahili serve?

Which language served as a lingua franca for scholars and church leaders across medieval Western Europe?

India uses English in many national institutions among citizens whose first languages may be Hindi, Bengali, Tamil or others. What role can English play there?

Can a pidgin serve as a lingua franca?

Haitian Creole, the home language of most people in Haiti, takes most of its vocabulary from which European language?

Many pidgins in the Caribbean, West Africa and the Pacific formed during which historical process?

In Singapore, English is used in government and business among residents who may also speak Mandarin, Malay, Tamil or other home languages. What role does English play?