Johann Tetzel preached in 1517 that papal letters could shorten punishment for sin, with money helping rebuild St. Peter's in Rome. What were those letters called?

A reform critic described a cleric paying money to obtain a church office. Which abuse was being criticized?

A bishop held several church posts at the same time and collected income from each one. Which problem did reformers call this?

A bishop drew income from his diocese but lived at a royal court and rarely visited the people he was supposed to oversee. Which abuse is this?

A 1511 satire by Erasmus mocked many kinds of folly, including abuses among church authorities and theologians. Which work was it?

Which English scholar, linked with the Lollards, promoted Scripture in English and criticized gaps between biblical teaching and church practice before Luther?

In Luther's 1517 Ninety-Five Theses, which church practice was his main target?

Luther prepared his theses as an academic disputation at the university connected to which city?

At Worms in 1521, what did Luther say would have to convince him to take back his writings?

When Emperor Charles V's officials demanded a clear answer at Worms, what did Luther do?

After the Worms hearing, what did the Edict of Worms do to Luther and his writings?

Which 1520 pamphlet called on German lay rulers to lead church reform rather than wait for Rome?

Which 1520 treatise attacked the traditional teaching of seven sacraments?

Which 1520 Luther treatise argued that faith alone makes a Christian free, and that this freedom should lead the believer to serve others?

While hidden at Wartburg Castle after Worms, what major text did Luther translate into German and publish in 1522?

Why did printing matter so much to Luther's movement in the early 1520s?

At Speyer in 1529, some princes and imperial cities protested enforcement of the Edict of Worms. What name grew from that protest?

After Augsburg failed to reconcile Catholics and evangelicals, Protestant estates formed which defensive alliance in 1531?

At the Diet of Augsburg in 1530, which statement of Lutheran belief was submitted to Emperor Charles V?

Which humanist scholar wrote most of the Augsburg Confession presented in 1530?

What did the Peace of Augsburg of 1555 mainly allow in the Holy Roman Empire?

A subject who would not accept the ruler's religion under the Peace of Augsburg had what protected option?

A Calvinist ruler in 1555 claimed protection under the Peace of Augsburg. How did the original settlement treat that claim?

Calvin's first Latin edition in Basel in 1536 set out his doctrine in which work?

Which doctrine is most associated with Calvin's teaching that God eternally chose who would be saved?

Calvin's Geneva used which body of ministers and elders to supervise church discipline?

Which set of offices did Calvin's 1541 Ecclesiastical Ordinances name for Geneva's church?

In Calvin's ordinances, which office was charged with instructing the faithful in sound doctrine?

In Calvin's Geneva, which officers watched over conduct and warned people living in disorderly ways?

Calvin's 1541 ordinances called for a college to prepare children for which two kinds of service?

Henry VIII's break with Rome followed the pope's refusal to support which royal request?

The 1533 Act in Restraint of Appeals helped Henry by doing what?

What did the 1534 Act of Supremacy declare about Henry VIII?

Compared with many continental Protestant reforms, what did Henry VIII's early church settlement keep?

After Henry VIII's break with Rome, what institution became central to approving changes in the English Church?

Which 1549 English service book standardized worship for the Church of England under Edward VI?

Luther and Zwingli met at Marburg in 1529 and agreed on most points, but what issue divided them?

Which reformer-city pairing is correct for the sixteenth-century Reformation?

Which belief most clearly separated Anabaptists from Lutherans and Reformed churches in the 1520s?

Which idea did Luther and Calvin both use against claims that later church tradition had final authority?