A 54 g mineral raises the water from the first cylinder level to the second level. What density does the displacement data give?

Use profile A-B. Over the first 4 km, what average gradient is shown?

Use the cross-section table. What total discharge flows through the two stream sections?

A rock sample contains 12.5% of its original potassium-40. If potassium-40 has a half-life of 1.3 billion years, how old is the sample?

Use the ellipse dimensions and $e=\frac{\text{distance between foci}}{\text{major axis length}}$. What eccentricity is represented?

Use the galaxy table. Estimate the Hubble constant from Galaxy B, then predict the recessional velocity of a galaxy 80 Mpc away.

At Station X, use the P-S lag; in this model each 1 min lag represents 600 km. How far is the epicenter from the station?

A surface air parcel is 28°C with a dew point of 16°C. If unsaturated air cools 10°C/km as it rises, what is the approximate cloud-base height?

An 80 mL dry sediment sample takes 24 mL of water to saturate, then drains 18 mL in 2 min. What porosity and flow behavior are shown?

Use the CO₂ table. From 1880 to 2020, what average rate of increase is shown?

Use the surface map. Which station, A or B, has stronger wind, and why?

Use the station models. Which station is more likely to develop fog if air temperature falls 2°C overnight?

Use the H-R diagram. What best explains the position of Star X?

Use the cross section. What sequence of events fits superposition and cross-cutting relationships?

Use the plate section. What type of plate boundary is shown?

Use profile A-B. Between which kilometer marks is the gradient steepest?

Use the Sun-Earth-Moon model. At which labeled position would an observer see a full Moon and have the highest chance of a lunar eclipse alignment?

Use the seismic-ray diagram. The shadow zone occurs because P waves bend at the core boundary and S waves do not pass through which layer?

Use the ridge figure. Magnetic bands are symmetric, and ocean-floor ages increase away from the central valley. What motion does this imply?

Use the island-chain data. Ages increase from the active volcano at 0 km to older islands northwest of it. What does the pattern imply?

Use the galaxy scatter plot. What does the pattern imply about space on the largest scales?

Use Station B's climatograph. What seasonal climate control best explains its precipitation pattern?

Use the fossil table. The same land reptile fossils occur on now-separated southern continents. What does this pattern best support?

Use the ice-core table. What relationship does the pattern most directly show?

Use the ash table from one eruption. What process best explains the downwind pattern?

Use the earthquake-depth table across a trench. What tectonic structure does the pattern imply?

A folded outcrop has mostly younger fossils upward, but one limb shows fossils getting older upward. What best accounts for that interval?

Coal beds and Glossopteris fossils occur in Antarctica even though it is now polar. What explanation best fits both climate and tectonic evidence?

A volcano is far from any plate boundary, yet nearby seamounts become older in one direction. What best explains the observation?

On December 26, 2004, a M 9.1 subduction earthquake near Sumatra caused flooding across the Indian Ocean. Why could distant coasts flood with weak shaking?

A mountain's windward slope is wet, but the leeward valley at the same latitude is dry. What process explains the rain shadow?

A basalt flow has glassy edges but larger crystals near its thick center. What best explains the texture difference?

Seafloor shells have higher oxygen-18 ratios during glacial maxima, when ice sheets were largest. What link explains both records?

A global clay layer has high iridium, shocked minerals, soot, and a sudden fossil turnover at 66 Ma. What event best explains this pattern?

Use the ocean-current map. Why are winters milder downwind of the warm current than at similar latitudes without it?

Weak trade winds, warm eastern Pacific water, and heavy rain near Peru occur together in a year. What Earth-system link is shown?

After fertilizer spills into a sinkhole, a nearby spring quickly tests high in nitrate. Which link best explains the rapid contamination?

A logged hillside fails after days of rain, but a nearby forested slope remains stable. What link best explains the landslide?

Low Northern Hemisphere summer insolation lets snow survive, and growing ice reflects more sunlight. What feedback can amplify an orbital change?

During an earthquake, saturated sand near a river loses strength and buildings tilt even without a surface fault beneath them. What process occurred?