A bird population has fallen to 22 individuals, and nests in the wild keep failing. Which approach addresses the immediate extinction risk?

An island lizard is declining because introduced rats eat its eggs. Which conservation action directly addresses the cause?

A threatened sea turtle nests on one beach, where nighttime lighting and foot traffic disrupt nesting. Which in situ strategy fits this problem?

A rare endemic plant is being lost because livestock repeatedly graze its only meadow. Which action best conserves the plant in situ?

A frog has been extirpated from a wetland, but a genetically managed captive population remains. After the wetland is restored, what is an appropriate next step?

Wild relatives of a crop are threatened by rapid land conversion, and their seeds can be stored dry. Which strategy most directly preserves their genetic material?

A reef fish is declining from fishing pressure inside a biologically diverse reef. Which protected-area approach directly reduces that pressure?

A salamander occurs nowhere except one forested ravine proposed for development. Which action most directly protects this endemic species?

A fungal disease is rapidly eliminating a wild amphibian population before a treatment is available. Which action provides an immediate conservation backup?

A seed bank stores seeds of wild plants in cold, controlled conditions. How is this conservation method classified?

A national park protects a population of wolves in the ecosystem where the wolves hunt, breed, and interact with prey. What type of conservation is this?

A botanical garden maintains living individuals of a critically endangered orchid far from its native forest. How should this effort be classified?

Conservationists freeze sperm and eggs from an endangered fish for possible future breeding. This is what type of conservation?

A land trust purchases a prairie and removes invasive shrubs so native grasses and resident birds can recover there. What type of conservation is being used?

A zoo breeds an endangered crane and maintains breeding records to avoid mating close relatives. This program is classified as what?

A community protects an estuary where a threatened fish completes its entire life cycle. Which classification best fits this approach?

A wide-ranging predator needs a large territory. Two proposals protect the same total area: one continuous block or four isolated patches. Which design generally better supports the predator?

Two reserves have equal area. One is roughly circular, and the other is long and narrow. Which design generally provides more interior habitat?

A forest bird nests only in shaded interior forest and is vulnerable to nest predators near roads. Which reserve change most directly reduces edge effects?

A species breeds in marshes, feeds in grassland, and shelters in forest in winter. Planners can protect one 500-hectare parcel. Which parcel best conserves the species?

A reserve boundary follows a river but excludes the upstream forest that supplies clean water and leaf litter to the river. Which revision better protects the river ecosystem?

A reserve manager can protect either a large intact woodland or an equal area of scattered woodlots. The goal is to maintain forest-interior species. Which choice fits the goal?

Two nearby forest reserves are separated by a highway. Which design change best reduces the highway's barrier effect on mammals?

A reserve protects a rare plant but contains only its tiny remaining population. What design addition most directly increases the chance of conserving its genetic diversity?

Woodland patches have become isolated by housing development. A planted strip of native woodland joins two patches. What is the corridor's primary function?

Small populations on opposite sides of a road rarely meet and show increasing inbreeding. What benefit could a safe corridor provide?

A wetland reserve borders heavily fertilized fields. Which buffer-zone function most directly protects the wetland?

A forest preserve is surrounded by new housing, noise, pets, and invasive plants. Why might managers establish a buffer zone around the preserve?

A corridor is planned between two reserves for animals that avoid open fields. Which corridor feature most likely improves its usefulness?

A protected core allows no logging, while surrounding land permits limited low-impact harvesting under rules. What is the surrounding managed area called?