The eastern Roman Empire kept Roman law and imperial offices but became Greek-speaking and Christian. Which city served as its capital?

Which Byzantine emperor ordered experts to collect, edit, and organize centuries of Roman law into the Corpus Juris Civilis?

After riots damaged Constantinople in the 530s, Justinian rebuilt a huge domed church that became a model of Byzantine architecture. Which building was it?

The formal church break of 1054 divided the Latin West from the Greek-speaking East. Which two church centers were at the heart of that split?

Which brothers carried Byzantine Christianity to Slavic peoples and helped create a written script for Slavic worship?

In 622, Muhammad and his followers left Mecca for a city that welcomed them; this migration began the Islamic calendar. Which city did they go to?

Revelations received by Muhammad were memorized and later written down as Islam's holy book. Which text is this?

Which pillar of Islam requires eligible Muslims to give alms to support people in need?

After Muhammad's death, early Muslim leaders used a title meaning successor or deputy. Which title was it?

During which early caliph's reign did Arab armies take major Byzantine cities such as Damascus and Jerusalem?

The Umayyads ruled a vast empire from Syria. Which city was their capital?

A rival family overthrew the Umayyads in 750 and shifted the main center of the caliphate eastward into Iraq. Which dynasty was it?

In 762, Caliph al-Mansur founded a new capital near the Tigris River that became a major center of learning. Which city was it?

The House of Wisdom gathered translators, mathematicians, astronomers, and physicians under Abbasid patronage. In which city was it located?

A ninth-century scholar wrote on restoring and balancing equations, helping give a branch of mathematics its modern name. Who was he?

Which physician and philosopher wrote the Canon of Medicine, a major medical encyclopedia used for centuries?

Which scholar is best known for work on optics, including the idea that vision depends on light entering the eye?

What helped Abbasid scholars build on Greek, Persian, and Indian learning?

In medieval Europe, what was a grant of land or income that a lord gave in return for loyalty and service?

A noble kneels, swears loyalty, and promises military service to a higher lord. What is the noble in that relationship called?

Which term names the rural estate where peasants worked land around a lord's house or castle?

Which medieval worker was legally tied to an estate and owed labor or produce to the lord?

Which institution housed monks or nuns and often preserved manuscripts during the Middle Ages?

The Concordat of Worms in 1122 settled a long fight between pope and emperor. What power had they been arguing over?

By the later Middle Ages, rulers increasingly paid soldiers with money instead of relying only on land-based service. What effect did this have?

After wars and plague reduced Europe's population, what happened on many estates?

Which pope called for the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont in 1095?

Which crusade captured Jerusalem in 1099 and led to the creation of Latin Christian states in the Levant?

Which was one of the states that western Christians founded in the Levant during the First Crusade?

A Muslim ruler defeated a crusader army at Hattin in 1187 and then took Jerusalem. Who was he?

The Fourth Crusade was diverted from its stated goal and sacked a major Christian city in 1204. Which city was attacked?

What caused the disease behind the Black Death?

After the Black Death, English workers rebelled in 1381, partly over laws holding down wages and a new poll tax. What was this uprising called?

Which English king agreed to Magna Carta at Runnymede in 1215 after pressure from rebel barons?

What principle later generations drew from Magna Carta mattered most for limits on royal power?

Which English king's 1295 Model Parliament included nobles, clergy, knights of the shire, and burgesses?

The Hundred Years' War was fought mainly between which two kingdoms?

Joan of Arc helped turn the war by leading a relief force to a besieged city on the Loire in 1429. Which city was it?

Tang and Song governments used exams on classical learning to recruit many officials. What system was this?

Which Tang-era technology made Buddhist texts, calendars, and books easier to reproduce?

Around 1040, Bi Sheng developed a printing method using reusable pieces for characters. What was this innovation?

Song sailors could keep direction with a needle that pointed north and south, even when far from land. What instrument was this?

Song armies used fire arrows, bombs, and grenades based on which Chinese invention?

Minamoto Yoritomo rose after a civil war against a rival warrior clan. Which clan did the Minamoto defeat?

In 1192, Yoritomo received a title that made him Japan's leading military ruler. What was the title?

In Kamakura Japan, what best describes the balance between emperor and shogun?

The Mongol attacks on Japan in 1274 and 1281 were ordered by which ruler of Yuan China?

In 1206, Temujin was recognized by Mongol leaders as universal ruler. Which title did he take?

What battlefield strength helped Mongol armies conquer large areas so quickly?

Genghis Khan and his successors used the Yam system across their empire. What was its main purpose?

A Mongol army took Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph there. Which commander led that campaign?

Kublai Khan chose a Chinese dynastic name and completed the conquest of Song China by 1279. Which dynasty did he found?

The early Ghana Empire grew wealthy by controlling trade routes across the Sahara. Which goods were most central to that trade?

Which West African ruler defeated Sosso power in the 1200s and is remembered as the founder of Mali?

A ruler of Mali made a famous pilgrimage in 1324 and gave away large amounts of gold in Cairo. Who was he?

Which Mali city became known for trade, mosques, libraries, and Islamic scholarship near the Niger River?

Which Swahili Coast city-state prospered from Indian Ocean trade and gold moving through Sofala?

Silk Road caravans, Indian Ocean dhows, and Saharan camel trains all show what about post-classical trade?

Besides cargo, what commonly moved along the Silk Roads, Indian Ocean routes, and trans-Saharan routes?

What environmental pattern made Indian Ocean trade especially predictable for sailors between East Africa, Arabia, India, and Southeast Asia?