Rome grew near hills and a ford on the Tiber about fifteen miles from the sea. What advantage did that site give the early city?

According to Roman tradition, who founded Rome in 753 BCE?

Roman stories said Tarquin the Proud was expelled in 509 BCE. What form of government followed?

Several of Rome's last kings were remembered as Etruscans. What does that suggest about early Rome?

Which officials replaced royal command with two annually elected leaders who could each check the other?

Which institution decided how public money was spent and advised elected officials so strongly that its advice was rarely ignored?

A proposal to begin a formal war had to go to which Roman assembly?

Which assembly was organized by tribes, included patricians and plebeians, and elected quaestors?

Public funds needed officials to keep accounts and manage the treasury. Which magistrates handled that work?

Which Roman magistrate's main task was to conduct the census and assess citizens' wealth?

In an emergency, Romans could appoint one man with exceptional authority for a limited time. What was that office?

A wealthy Roman gives legal help and money to poorer supporters, who vote as he directs. What political relationship is this?

Which Roman term meant the legal right to command armies and exercise official authority?

What name do historians give the long struggle between Rome's aristocratic order and common citizens over political rights?

When common citizens left the city and refused military service to force concessions, what tactic were they using?

Patrician judges were accused of using unwritten law unfairly. Which concession made Roman law public?

An official sees another magistrate taking action that harms common citizens and blocks it. Which office had that protective power?

Which body was restricted to common citizens and chose ten protective officials each year?

After 367 BCE, what access to Rome's highest regular office had to be open to common citizens?

After 287 BCE, laws passed by the common citizens' own assembly had what force?

The First Punic War began as Rome and Carthage fought for control of which island?

Roman ships used a hooked boarding bridge to turn sea battles into hand-to-hand fights. What was that device called?

How did the First Punic War change Rome's power?

Hannibal opened the Second Punic War by leading his army from Hispania through Gaul and over what barrier into Italy?

Hannibal won a crushing battlefield victory in Italy in 216 BCE, yet most Roman allies stayed loyal. Which battle was it?

Where was Hannibal finally defeated in 202 BCE by a Roman army under Scipio?

After Zama, what territory did Rome gain from Carthage's overseas empire?

In 146 BCE, Rome destroyed Carthage and sacked Corinth. What broader result followed?

Why did long overseas wars hurt many small Roman farmers?

Large landowners bought up farms and used enslaved labor on big estates. What problem did this deepen in the Republic?

In 133 BCE, which tribune proposed distributing public land to landless Romans?

Gaius Gracchus pushed colonies, grain support, public works, and courts that could try senators. Who felt directly threatened?

Marius opened army service to landless Romans and promised rewards through commanders. What did this help create?

In 88 BCE, which optimate general marched his own army on Rome after losing a command to Marius?

In 49 BCE, Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon with troops. Why did that act mean civil war?