Mountains divided mainland Greece into small valleys and plains. What political pattern did that help create?

Greece had few natural resources and was surrounded by water on three sides. Which activity became especially important?

During the Archaic period, many Greeks faced a shortage of farmland. How did many respond?

Which region did Greeks call Magna Graecia, or “Greater Greece”?

When Greeks founded a colony, how was it usually governed?

Greek contact with Phoenician merchants helped Greeks develop which cultural tool?

In a typical polis, why did a hilltop acropolis matter?

How did the sea shape many Greek communities?

What best defines a Greek polis?

What was the agora in a Greek city-state?

Which feature helped make each polis politically distinct?

In most Greek poleis, who had the clearest claim to political rights?

Which groups were outside the Athenian political citizen body?

Why did armed commoners gain leverage in some city-states?

In Archaic Greece, what was a tyrant?

Which term means government by a small group of wealthy elites?

What was Draco’s main contribution to Athens before Solon?

Solon was appointed in 594 BCE to prevent civil conflict in Athens. Which reform is linked to him?

How did Solon change eligibility for Athenian offices?

Which Athenian institution let citizens appeal a magistrate’s ruling to fellow citizens?

How did Pisistratus affect Athens after seizing power by force?

After the fall of the Athenian tyrants, what did Cleisthenes ask village commoners to support?

What council did Cleisthenes create by replacing Solon’s Council of Four Hundred?

Why did Cleisthenes mix villages from different parts of Attica into ten tribes?

What made Athenian democracy “direct”?

What was ostracism in fifth-century BCE Athens?

Where was Sparta located?

Who were the Spartiates?

How did Sparta gain many helots?

Which statement describes helots in Sparta?

Who were the perioikoi in Spartan society?

What role did Sparta’s two hereditary kings usually have?

What was the Gerousia?

What was the agoge?

At about what age could a Spartiate man vote in the Assembly and serve as a judge?

Which comparison of Athens and Sparta is accurate?

Which statement compares citizen participation in Athens and Sparta?

How did Spartan women’s public role differ from Athenian women’s political exclusion?

Which comparison best describes labor in the two societies?

Which city-state’s government relied more on selection by lot for councils and juries?

Which comparison of education and public life is most accurate?

Which comparison of excluded groups is accurate?

Which statement compares Athens and Sparta’s military orientation?

Which comparison follows from each polis’s institutions?

Which city-state used a Council of Elders with members over sixty, and which used a Council of Five Hundred chosen by lot?

Beginning in 776 BCE, Greeks traveled every four years to Olympia for games honoring which god?

Greek drama grew out of Athenian religious festivals. Which two major forms developed?

What did Socrates become known for in Athens?

Which pair correctly matches Greek philosophers with their schools in Athens?

Why are Herodotus and Thucydides important to historical writing?