One black cup and one white cup hold 50 mL of water under the same lamp. After 20 minutes the black reads 28 °C, the white 22 °C. Which result is evidence that dark surfaces absorb more light?

Identical jars of hot water are wrapped in wool, foil or newspaper, and one is left bare. After 30 minutes they read 52, 49, 47 and 38 °C in that order. Which result is evidence that wrapping slows cooling?

A group winds 10, 20 and 30 turns of wire around a nail and counts the paper clips each electromagnet lifts: 4, 9 and 14. Claim: more turns make a stronger electromagnet. Which result is the strongest evidence?

An aquatic plant is placed at 10, 25 and 50 cm from a lamp; the oxygen bubbles counted in one minute are 46, 21 and 8. Which result supports the claim that brighter light speeds photosynthesis?

A lake's trout count fell from 900 to 210 over six years while average summer water temperature rose 3 °C and oxygen levels dropped. Which finding is evidence for the claim that warming harmed the trout?

A student claims salt makes ice melt faster. In 20 minutes, ice salted with 5 g melted 62 g while plain ice melted 24 g; both samples started at 100 g. Which result is the evidence?

Wax beads sit on the handles of a metal, a wooden and a plastic spoon standing in hot water. Only the metal spoon's wax melts. Which reasoning links that result to the claim that metal conducts heat well?

Equal weights fall on paper parachutes 10, 20 and 30 cm across, taking 1.8 s, 2.9 s and 4.1 s. Which reasoning links this data to the claim that a wider canopy slows the fall?

Two black guinea pigs have a litter of six pups, five black and one white. Which reasoning links that litter to the claim that both parents carried an allele for white fur?

On a stream table, water carries 40 g of sand at a low slope, 95 g at medium and 180 g at a steep slope. Which reasoning ties that to the claim that steeper slopes erode more?

Vinegar and baking soda are mixed in an open cup and the mass falls from 84.0 g to 81.6 g. Which reasoning links that loss to the claim that mass was conserved in the reaction?

A student writes: 'Air has mass. A balloon inflated with air weighed 0.3 g more than the same balloon empty.' Which part of a claim-evidence-reasoning explanation is missing from what the student wrote?

A report reads: 'Design C held 12 kg before bending; A and B held 5 kg and 7 kg. Triangles spread a load, so design C is the strongest.' Which part of it is the claim?

An explanation claims dark moths survive better on soot-covered bark. It includes the sentence 'Birds spot dark moths less easily on dark bark, so fewer of them are eaten.' Which part of a claim-evidence-reasoning explanation is that sentence?

A student writes: 'Our claim is that the ball sinks because it is denser than water. Anything denser than the liquid around it sinks.' What is missing from this explanation?

A group writes: 'Germination needs warmth. Trays at 25 °C sprouted 18 seeds and trays at 5 °C sprouted 2. Warmth speeds the chemical reactions inside a seed.' Which sentence is the evidence?

A claim states that a new filter removes lead from drinking water. A tester reports that the filtered water tasted better and looked clearer than the tap water. How does this report bear on the claim?

A student claims a coating slows the rusting of iron. Coated nails left in salt water for two weeks gained 0.02 g of rust, while uncoated nails in the same jar gained 0.31 g. How does this result bear on the claim?

An advertisement claims a sports drink makes runners faster. Runners given the drink averaged 12.4 s over 100 m, and runners given plain water averaged 12.3 s. How does this result bear on the claim?

Wide tires grip better, a student claims. She rode once on wide tires and did not skid, then rode once on narrow tires and skidded. How does that bear on her claim?