A leaflet begins: "Dear Valued Investor, our fourth-quarter yield beat projections. Review the enclosed prospectus." It is dropped in every mailbox on the street. Who is its real audience?

A poster in the school canteen reads: "Fellow scientists, our findings on soil acidity await peer review." Who is the poster's hypothetical audience?

A health flyer says: "Reduce your sodium intake to lower hypertension risk." It is given to farmers who left school early and read little English. What does this gap cost?

An extract reads: "Administer the isotonic solution intravenously; monitor serum electrolytes hourly and adjust the infusion rate per protocol." Which audience does it assume?

A memo reads: "Please approve the shift in the maintenance budget from Q3 to Q4 and sign the revised allocation before Friday." Which audience does the memo assume?

A notice reads: "Clock in at Gate 2, collect your gloves from the rack, and report spills to your line leader at once." Which audience does the notice assume?

A pamphlet says: "Photosynthesis, the process plants use to make food from sunlight, happens in the leaf." Which feature shows it assumes a lay audience?

A report states: "Serum ferritin fell below the reference interval in eleven subjects; iron studies were repeated at week six." Which feature reveals its assumed readers?

A lab team's note for other chemists reads: "Titration endpoint was reached at pH 8.2 using phenolphthalein." The same note will now go to parents at a school fair. What must change?

An open letter headed "To the Congress of 2050" asks that body to protect the coastline. It is printed today in a school paper. Which describes its hypothetical audience?

A speech opens: "Members of the barangay council, consider this ordinance." It is delivered at a school assembly and never sent to the council. Who is its real audience?

A newspaper prints a researcher's abstract unchanged: "Mortality was attenuated in the treatment arm (p<0.01)." What does this cost the paper's readers?

A safety plan written for supervisors lists "delegate inspection duties" and "authorize overtime." It is handed only to machine operators. What does this gap cost?

A handbook says: "When your team misses a deadline, meet each member privately and record the outcome in the appraisal file." Which feature shows a managerial reader is assumed?

A leaflet reads: "Bring your PhilHealth number and your MDR to the counter." Nothing more is said about either document. Which feature shows what background it assumes?

A circular states: "File all pleadings before pre-trial; late filings are deemed waived." It is posted in a courthouse hallway. Which audience does the circular assume?

A museum card reads: "Fossils are the remains of living things kept in rock. This one is a shell that lived in a warm sea." Which audience does the card assume?

A student's post begins "Just for my close friends," but her account is public and the post is shared 400 times. Who is her real audience?

A memo for department heads says: "Approve the new leave policy and cascade it to your units by Monday." It will now be sent to all staff. What must the writer change?

Two guides describe one trail. The first explains what a switchback is; the second simply says "three switchbacks to the ridge." What does that difference show?