In Barron v. Baltimore (1833), a wharf owner invoked the Fifth Amendment's just compensation rule against a city. Under the Court's baseline then, whom did the Bill of Rights restrain?

A state legislature in 1840 limits press criticism of state officials. Before incorporation, why would a federal First Amendment claim against the state fail?

A city condemns a dock in 1850 and pays no compensation. Under Barron's rule, the owner could not rely on the federal Fifth Amendment because the actor was a ___.

What later constitutional change gave the Supreme Court text aimed at state action, unlike the original Bill of Rights as read in Barron?

A lawyer says, "Barron means the Bill of Rights automatically controlled every state from 1791 forward." What is the best correction?

Gitlow v. New York treated liberty in the Fourteenth Amendment as protecting which First Amendment liberties from state impairment?

Near v. Minnesota struck down a state order stopping a newspaper before publication. The incorporated protection was chiefly against what?

Cantwell v. Connecticut involved state licensing of religious solicitation. The incorporated First Amendment protection was what?

After Mapp v. Ohio, evidence state police obtain in an unconstitutional search generally faces what rule at a state trial?

Gideon v. Wainwright reversed a Florida felony conviction because the state court denied an indigent defendant which Sixth Amendment protection?

Duncan v. Louisiana involved a battery charge punishable by up to two years. The incorporated Sixth Amendment protection was what?

Which Fourteenth Amendment clause repeats wording already found in the Fifth Amendment, which limits the national government?

Which Fourteenth Amendment clause has the Supreme Court usually used to apply Bill of Rights protections, such as search-and-seizure rules, to the states?

Which first-section clause concerns whether a state denies a person life, liberty, or property without fair legal process?

In McDonald v. Chicago (2010), the plurality applied the Second Amendment to the states through which Fourteenth Amendment clause?

A county sheriff searches a home without a warrant and a state prosecutor offers the evidence. The sheriff says the Fourth Amendment binds federal officers only. What is the answer?

A city council bans all handguns in homes, then argues the Second Amendment limits only Congress. Under McDonald, what is the problem?

A public school district writes and requires an official classroom prayer. If it says the establishment clause binds only Congress, what doctrine answers it?

A state grand jury witness refuses to answer questions that could incriminate him and is jailed for contempt. Under Malloy, what protection reaches the state proceeding?

A state court convicts an indigent defendant of a misdemeanor and fines her $50 without appointing a lawyer; no jail time is imposed. Under the Supreme Court's incorporation rulings, was her Sixth Amendment right to counsel violated?