For eight weeks a school nurse weighed the lunch waste of each Grade 9 section and wrote down the totals. Waste fell by 14 kilograms. Which form of evidence is this?

Rico writes: "I moved my study time to 5 a.m. and my grades went up, so early study works." He gives no other case. What form of evidence is this?

A newspaper column warns that the old gym roof is unsafe, and its support is a quotation from the licensed structural engineer who inspected it. Which form of evidence is this?

A speech opens: "A part of the field is smaller than the whole field." The speaker offers no proof and no listener asks for any. What form of evidence is this?

Ms. Cruz's class counted the jeepneys passing the school gate every hour for five school days, then compared mornings with afternoons. Which form of evidence is this?

Mia argues that the new bus route is comfortable. Her support is one trip she took last Sunday, when the bus was almost empty. What form of evidence is this?

A barangay flyer states that the creek water is unsafe to drink, and cites the laboratory chief of the city health office. Which form of evidence does the flyer use?

An essay begins: "No one can stand in two places at the same moment." The writer treats the line as needing no support. What form of evidence is this?

A team watered one set of pechay with tap water and another set with rice wash, then measured plant height every week for a month. Which form of evidence is this?

Lito says the sari-sari store's bread is always fresh. His reason is the one loaf he bought this morning, which was still warm. What form of evidence is this?

A report on the footbridge's weight limit rests entirely on a signed statement from the government engineer who designed it. Which form of evidence is this?

A debater says: "Every mother is older than her own child." She moves on at once, and nobody asks her to prove it. What form of evidence is this?

A student timed how long each library computer took to start, running ten trials on every unit and writing down the seconds. Which form of evidence is this?

A blogger claims the town market is quiet at noon. Her support is the single visit she made last Tuesday. What form of evidence is this?

An article on tooth decay supports its advice by quoting a licensed dentist who treats the condition every day. Which form of evidence is this?

A writer states: "A sentence and its denial cannot both be true at the same time." She offers no test for the line. What form of evidence is this?

The school recorded daily reading minutes for all 240 Grade 9 students for one month, then added the totals by section. Which form of evidence is this?

Ana supports her view that the canteen line is slow by describing the one lunch break when she waited twenty minutes. What form of evidence is this?

A safety notice tells staff not to use the second-floor outlets, and quotes the licensed electrician who inspected the building's wiring. Which form of evidence is this?

A speaker says: "A triangle has three sides." He treats the line as true from the meaning of the word itself. What form of evidence is this?

A barangay team measured the water level in twelve wells on the first day of every month for a year and charted the readings. Which form of evidence is this?

Ben argues that the review center works. His only support is his cousin, who passed the licensure exam after enrolling there. What form of evidence is this?

A handout gives the year the town was founded and backs the date with the archivist who catalogs the town's oldest records. Which form of evidence is this?

An opening line reads: "Nothing can be taller than itself." The writer expects readers to accept it at once. What form of evidence is this?

Ana claims only that the 6 a.m. jeepney was full today. Her support is that she rode it and stood the whole way. Is her evidence enough?

Marco says: "My neighbor's cough stopped after ginger tea, so ginger tea cures coughs." Why is his support too weak?

A licensed heart doctor explains to a class how a heart valve opens and closes. Why is this appeal to authority a sound one?

A famous basketball player appears in an advertisement saying that a vitamin drink prevents dengue. What weakens this appeal to authority?

A well-known chemist says the school should choose blue uniforms rather than green ones. Why does her expertise not settle the matter?

An advertisement says: "Studies prove our shampoo stops hair fall." It names no study, no test and no numbers. Why is this not empirical evidence?

A speaker says: "It goes without saying that homework after 8 p.m. helps nobody." Why is calling this self-evident wrong?

The claim is that at least one ceiling fan in the building is broken. The support is that the fan in Room 5 does not turn. Is one case enough here?

A study found that students who ate breakfast scored higher on a math test than students who skipped it. What does this finding establish?

Reading speed was measured in one Cebu school and rose after daily silent reading was added. What does the result show?

A blog reports that four of its six readers slept better after trying a new pillow. What does this result establish?

Rainfall was measured at the school every day for one week in March and averaged 2 millimeters a day. What may be claimed from this?

A canteen tally shows that sales of bottled water doubled in April compared with March. What does the tally establish?

A survey found that Grade 9 students read an average of 40 minutes a day. What does that average tell the reader?

An advertisement states that 80 percent of testers preferred the new soap. The number of testers is never given. What is the problem with this?

A new sprint drill was tested only with the school's varsity players, whose times improved after four weeks. What does the test establish?