The Volstead Act of 1919 supplied the definition the Eighteenth Amendment left out. At what alcohol content did a beverage become an illegal intoxicating liquor under that definition?

Congress passed the Volstead Act in October 1919 by overriding a presidential veto, 176 to 55 in the House and 65 to 20 in the Senate. Whose veto was overridden?

The Eighteenth Amendment was ratified in January 1919, but liquor was still legally sold for a year afterward. Why?

Prohibition closed legal breweries, distilleries and saloons, but the demand for alcohol did not disappear with them. What filled that gap in American cities during the 1920s?

Enforcing the Volstead Act across the whole country fell to a Prohibition Bureau of only a few thousand agents. Under which department did that bureau sit for most of the 1920s?

Federal prosecutors could not make a bootlegging or murder case against the Chicago gang leader Al Capone. What charge finally convicted him in 1931?

The Twenty-first Amendment, which repealed Prohibition in 1933, was ratified by conventions called in the states rather than by the state legislatures.

President Hoover's National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement, chaired by George Wickersham, published its findings on Prohibition in 1931. What did the report conclude?

The Justice Department built a new General Intelligence Division in 1919 that assembled card files on thousands of suspected radicals and picked the targets for the raids. Which young official headed it?

In 1919 bombs were mailed to public officials and one exploded at the attorney general's own house in Washington. Which attorney general answered with mass arrests of suspected radicals in dozens of cities?

In December 1919 the government placed 249 people, among them the anarchist Emma Goldman, aboard the ship Buford and sent them to Soviet Russia. On what basis were they removed?

A general strike in Seattle, a police strike in Boston and a nationwide steel strike all broke out in 1919. How did much of the press and many public officials read that wave of strikes?

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, two Italian-born anarchists, were arrested in Massachusetts on May 5, 1920. What were they charged with?

A jury convicted Sacco and Vanzetti of first-degree murder on July 14, 1921. For years afterward the defense motions for a new trial were decided by the same man who had presided at the trial. Who was he?

In June 1927 Governor Alvan T. Fuller named an advisory committee under Harvard's president, A. Lawrence Lowell, to review the Sacco and Vanzetti case. What did it report, and what followed?

The Emergency Quota Act of 1921 capped arrivals from each country at 3 percent of the people of that origin already living in the United States. Which census supplied those population figures?

Before 1921 no numerical ceiling limited European immigration to the United States. The Emergency Quota Act set one, holding total admissions to roughly 357,000 a year. What did that ceiling do to arrivals from Europe?

The national origin quotas of the Immigration Act of 1924 applied to immigrants arriving from Canada and Mexico.

The Immigration Act of 1924 cut each quota to 2 percent and moved the base year back to the census of 1890. Which groups did that older base year favor?

The Immigration Act of 1924 barred the admission of any immigrant who was 'ineligible to citizenship.' Because naturalization was then closed to them by race, which immigrants did that clause shut out almost completely?

In 1924 Congress also funded a new uniformed force to stop people entering the country outside the quota system. Which agency was created?

The quota formula written in 1924 was temporary; a national origins system replaced it in 1929. What annual ceiling did the new system place on quota immigration?

The Klan of the Reconstruction years had broken up by the 1870s. Where and when was the organization refounded, by William J. Simmons and a small group of followers?

By the mid-1920s the revived Ku Klux Klan claimed millions of members, in northern and western states as well as southern ones. Besides African Americans, which groups did it target?

The Klan of the 1920s was not confined to the South: it elected officials and dominated state politics in several states outside it. Which set of states is an example?

In 1925 D. C. Stephenson, Grand Dragon of the Indiana Klan, was convicted of the abduction and murder of Madge Oberholtzer. What followed for the organization?

Tennessee's Butler Act, passed in March 1925, applied to every teacher in a school supported in whole or in part by state funds. What did the law forbid?

John Scopes went on trial in Dayton, Tennessee in July 1925. Which pair of nationally known figures faced each other there, one defending Scopes and the other assisting the prosecution?

Scopes was convicted and fined $100. In 1927 the Tennessee Supreme Court upheld the Butler Act itself but set the conviction aside. On what ground?

After the Scopes case ended in 1927, the Butler Act stayed on the books in Tennessee.