In January 1905 troops fired on unarmed petitioners near the Winter Palace, setting off strikes across the empire. What is that day known as?

Russia's defeat in a 1904-1905 war exposed military weakness and increased anger at Nicholas II. Which war was this?

After a general strike in 1905, Nicholas II promised civil freedoms and a lawmaking Duma. Which document made those promises?

In 1905 workers in St. Petersburg formed councils to coordinate strikes and debate political action. What were these councils called?

Under the last tsars, which police organization monitored, infiltrated, and arrested revolutionaries?

Peasants still faced land hunger and debts after emancipation. Which demand most directly reflected that grievance?

Russia's growing factory districts saw protests over long hours, low wages, and unsafe shops. Which group did this grievance mobilize most directly?

In April 1912 troops fired on striking miners in Siberia, helping revive labor unrest. Which incident was this?

Bread riots, strikes, and mutinying Petrograd troops in March 1917 forced which outcome?

After Nicholas II's abdication, formal ministers and a workers' and soldiers' council both claimed influence in Petrograd. What was this situation called?

Why did the Provisional Government lose support among many soldiers and workers during 1917?

Which liberal prince led the first Provisional Government before Kerensky became its head?

As war minister in 1917, whose failed offensive deepened discontent before he headed the Provisional Government?

In August 1917, a general's attempted move against Petrograd let Bolsheviks pose as defenders of the revolution. Which affair was it?

The Provisional Government said a future elected body would settle Russia's permanent political order. Which body was that?

Returning in April 1917, who argued for no support to the Provisional Government and for state power to pass to the soviets?

Which Bolshevik message matched soldiers' weariness, peasants' land demands, and urban food shortages in 1917?

On November 7, 1917, Red Guards and soldiers occupied key points in Petrograd and arrested ministers at the Winter Palace. Which government fell?

Which Soviet body became the command center for the Petrograd uprising under Bolshevik influence in October-November 1917?

After taking power, the Bolshevik government issued decrees that called for peace and approved peasants' land seizures. Which pair fits?

What new executive body, headed by Lenin, replaced the old cabinet after the Bolshevik seizure?

The Bolsheviks walked out of an elected assembly with a Socialist Revolutionary majority, and it was dissolved in January 1918. Which assembly was it?

Why do textbooks often call the Bolshevik takeover the October Revolution even though the Western-calendar date was November 7, 1917?

During the civil war, former tsarist officers, rival socialists, and foreign-backed units fought the Bolsheviks. What were they collectively called?

Which army defended the Bolshevik government and expanded under Trotsky's organization in 1918?

Which policy made private grain trade illegal, requisitioned food, and nationalized industry during the civil war?

Which Soviet secret police, established in December 1917, fought counterrevolution and became a tool of Red Terror?

Sailors near Petrograd rebelled in early 1921 after years of civil war and coercive grain policies. Which revolt was this?

Which factor helped the Bolsheviks defeat divided anti-Bolshevik forces by the early 1920s?

After civil war shortages, what 1921 policy let peasants sell surplus crops and allowed small private trade while the state kept major industries?

At the same 1921 party congress that adopted the NEP, what political limit tightened one-party rule?

On December 30, 1922, Russia, Ukraine, Byelorussia, and Transcaucasia formally joined into what state?

Which position gave Stalin control over party appointments during the succession struggle after Lenin's illness and death?

Which Soviet leader used the theory of 'socialism in one country' to defeat his rivals in the succession struggle and made it official state doctrine?

Which plan, adopted in 1928, marked a sharp turn from NEP toward rapid state-directed industrialization?