A student's forearm is immobilized in a cast for eight weeks. After the cast is removed, the muscles are smaller and weaker. What is this reduction called?

After months of resistance training, a lifter's biceps have a larger diameter, but the number of fibers has not increased. What is the tissue change called?

A child has an inherited disorder in which skeletal muscle fibers progressively degenerate and walking becomes harder over time. What condition best names this problem?

In Duchenne disease, the fiber lacks the protein that links actin inside the cell to the surrounding matrix. What is damaged or missing?

A bedridden patient barely loads the leg muscles for several weeks. What tissue-level change follows?

A male athlete takes anabolic steroids through a season. Which endocrine effect can occur outside the enlarged muscles?

An astronaut returns from weeks of microgravity with calf muscles that have lost mass from low mechanical load. What happened to the individual muscle fibers?

In Becker muscular dystrophy, abnormal dystrophin weakens support at the fiber surface. What happens to the sarcolemma during contraction?

Heavy resistance exercise repeatedly places high tension on skeletal muscle fibers. What follows inside the fibers?

An athlete uses oral anabolic steroids for months. Which organ injury is a recognized risk?

A sprinter uses anabolic steroids, and the quadriceps fibers grow wider than training alone would make them. How do the drugs mainly cause this enlargement?

In muscular dystrophy, repeated contraction causes damage over time. Which functional tissue is directly lost?

A dystrophin defect leaves a fiber's membrane unstable. What follows after many normal contractions?

A teen takes anabolic steroids while the long bones are still growing. Which skeletal effect can reduce final height?

In one family, several boys develop Duchenne muscular dystrophy, while their mothers have no symptoms. Which inheritance pattern explains this?

As dystrophic fibers degenerate, their contractile machinery breaks down. Which structures make up that machinery?

A peripheral nerve injury stops impulses from reaching a skeletal muscle for months. What consequence is expected in that muscle?

A female athlete takes high doses of anabolic steroids. Which androgenic effect can occur?

In advanced muscular dystrophy, damaged fibers are replaced by tissue that cannot contract. Which replacement reduces force production?

During severe illness, muscle protein breakdown exceeds protein synthesis for weeks. What follows in skeletal muscle fibers?