Digging stalled while yellow fever and malaria killed canal workers. An army physician ran a campaign of drainage, screening and fumigation that brought both diseases under control. Who directed that campaign?

Which chief engineer rebuilt the Panama Railroad and the workers' housing, persuaded Roosevelt to build a canal with locks instead of a sea-level channel, and then resigned in 1907?

After his chief engineer quit, Roosevelt put an Army Corps of Engineers officer in charge of the canal, and that officer ran the work until it opened in 1914. Who was he?

Which section of the canal was cut through the mountains of the continental divide, filled repeatedly with landslides, and required more excavation than any other part of the route?

Engineers dammed the Chagres River so that ships would cross a large body of water for much of the way between the two oceans instead of being dug all the way through. What is that water called?

A French company spent the 1880s trying to dig a sea-level channel across the isthmus of Panama and went bankrupt without finishing it. Who led that earlier attempt?

The Clayton-Bulwer Treaty of 1850 had bound the United States to share any canal across Central America with Britain. Which 1901 treaty replaced it and left the United States free to build and control one alone?

In 1903 the United States offered Colombia $10 million plus $250,000 a year for a canal strip across its province of Panama. Which treaty did Colombia's senate then reject?

Panama declared its independence from Colombia on November 3, 1903. What did the United States do that kept Colombia from putting the revolt down?

The Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty of 1903 granted the United States its rights in the Canal Zone for a fixed term of fifty years.

The Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty of November 18, 1903 gave the United States a zone ten miles wide across Panama for the canal. What did the treaty's terms mean for Panama?

In 1912 Taft sent Marines to Nicaragua after American bankers had taken over its customs revenue and its foreign debt. Which approach to Latin America was he carrying out?

Roosevelt liked to quote the saying 'Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far.' What did he mean it to describe about American foreign policy?

In April 1914 Wilson ordered the navy to seize the Mexican port of Veracruz after a quarrel over the arrest of American sailors at Tampico. What was he trying to achieve?

After Pancho Villa's raiders killed Americans at Columbus, New Mexico in 1916, Wilson sent General John Pershing across the border with thousands of troops. What was that expedition sent to do?

The Platt Amendment left Cuba with its own government but gave the United States the right to intervene there and to keep a naval base at Guantanamo Bay. What did that arrangement make Cuba?

In his annual message of December 6, 1904, Roosevelt said chronic wrongdoing might force the United States, 'however reluctantly,' to 'the exercise of an international police power.' What did this add to the Monroe Doctrine?

In 1905 the United States took charge of the Dominican Republic's customs houses and used the revenue to pay that country's European creditors. Which policy did this put into practice?

Roosevelt argued the United States had to step in when Caribbean governments could not pay their foreign debts. What did he say would happen if it did not?

The Roosevelt Corollary was announced in a presidential message to Congress rather than agreed to by treaty with any Latin American government.