Use the map comparing 632 and 661. Which area was added after Arabia but before the Umayyad dynasty?

The arrows start in Arabia and split toward Damascus and Ctesiphon. Which two older empires were the first major targets?

On the map, the 661-to-750 shading grows mainly along the southern Mediterranean and over a narrow sea. Which region did this add?

The 750 map stretches from the Atlantic side of Iberia to a river valley east of Iran. Which eastern limit fits that extent?

Read the arrow crossing north from al-Andalus through the Pyrenees. Where was that advance stopped in 732?

The map shows Umayyad arrows moving by land and sea toward the Bosporus. Which city remained outside caliphal rule?

The map moves the capital marker from Syria west of the Euphrates to a new point on the Tigris in Iraq. Which Abbasid change is shown?

On the eastern map, arrows from Abbasid lands and Tang lands meet near the Talas River in 751. Which frontier is the figure showing?

After Muhammad died in 632, which leader was chosen as the first caliph by much of the early Muslim community?

Which group held that rightful leadership belonged to Ali and the Prophet's family line?

The murder of Uthman in 656 and the challenge to Ali's rule led to which conflict?

What major political change followed Ali's assassination in 661?

Which 636 battle helped Arab-Muslim armies take Greater Syria from the Byzantine Empire?

Which 636 battle in Iraq broke major Sasanian resistance to the early caliphate?

In the early 640s, Rashidun forces took the capital and chief Mediterranean port of Byzantine Egypt. Which city was it?

In 711, Tariq ibn Ziyad crossed the Strait of Gibraltar and invaded which region?

In 732, a Frankish army under Charles Martel halted an Umayyad force that had crossed the Pyrenees. Where was it stopped?

Where did support for the Abbasid uprising against the Umayyads grow especially strong?

In 762, al-Mansur founded a new round capital on the Tigris River. Which city was it?

Which change best describes the Abbasid shift from Damascus to Iraq?

What was Baghdad's House of Wisdom especially known for under the Abbasids?

Which communities were commonly treated as People of the Book under early Muslim rule?

Christians and Jews under early Muslim rule could keep worshiping but owed a poll tax that Muslims did not owe. What was it called?

What was a common surrender arrangement for many conquered cities and regions?

Under the Umayyads, what term described many non-Arab converts who became clients of Arab tribes?