Founded in Oakland in October 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale, this group sent members to observe police stops carrying law books and loaded guns, and later ran free clinics and community programs. What was it?

One organization's founding list of demands opened 'We want freedom. We want power to determine the destiny of our Black Community' and closed by demanding land, bread, housing, education, clothing, justice and peace. Which document was this?

As the Nation of Islam's national representative, he was suspended in December 1963 over remarks about President Kennedy's assassination, broke with the group in March 1964, and was shot dead in Harlem on February 21, 1965. Who was he?

In June 1964, months after leaving the Nation of Islam, its former national representative founded a secular group in Harlem meant to unite Black Americans with the newly independent nations of Africa. What was it called?

Starting in January 1969 at a church in Oakland, an organization began serving meals to neighborhood children before school, and within a year its chapters in more than twenty cities were doing the same. What was this program called?

Elected chairman of SNCC in May 1966, he was arrested during the March Against Fear and, released from the Greenwood, Mississippi jail that evening, told a rally he would not go to jail again and gave the crowd a new chant. Who was he?

An August 1967 memo ordered FBI field offices to 'expose, disrupt, misdirect, discredit, or otherwise neutralize' Black nationalist organizations, their leaders and their supporters. Which FBI director issued it?

A 1967 book by SNCC's former chairman and the political scientist Charles Hamilton argued that Black people had to build their own political and economic power base before any coalition with white allies could be equal. What was that idea called?

On July 5, 1966, one leader told his organization's annual convention that the movement's new slogan meant 'anti-white power' and called it 'the father of hate and the mother of violence.' Which leader and organization was this?

In the 1960s one organization taught that Black Americans should build their own businesses and schools, live apart from white society, and seek a separate territory of their own rather than pursue integration. Which organization held this position?

In Cleveland on April 3, 1964, in a speech titled 'The Ballot or the Bullet,' a speaker urged Black Americans to use their votes but warned that continued denial of full equality could force them to take up arms. Who gave it?

After a 1964 pilgrimage to Mecca, where he worshipped alongside Muslims of many races, a Black nationalist leader dropped one position he had taught for years while keeping the rest. Which position did he give up?

At a December 1966 staff meeting in New York, members of one organization voted narrowly that its remaining white staff should leave, arguing that Black people had to lead their own organizations. Which organization was this?

In August 1965 six days of unrest in the Watts section of Los Angeles left 34 people dead. What set it off?

In July 1967 a police vice squad raided an unlicensed after-hours bar on 12th Street and arrested all 82 people inside. Days of unrest followed, 43 people died, and federal troops were sent in. Which city was this?

Unrest in Newark, New Jersey in July 1967 left 26 people dead and began at a police precinct house, where a crowd threw rocks through the windows after officers arrested and beat a Black cab driver. What had drawn the crowd there?

President Johnson appointed a commission in July 1967 and asked it three questions about that summer's disorders: what happened, why did it happen, and what can be done to keep it from happening again. Which commission was this?

A federal commission reported in 1968 that 'Our nation is moving toward two societies, one black, one white - separate and unequal.' What did that report name as the main cause of the disorders it had investigated?

In Chicago and Los Angeles in the 1960s, Black families were kept out of most white neighborhoods by real estate practices, lending rules and threats rather than by any statute, and schools were separate because neighborhoods were. What is this called?

A civil rights bill had stalled in Congress for two years. Within a week of the killing of Martin Luther King Jr. in Memphis it passed, and President Johnson signed it on April 11, 1968. What did that law do?

In 1966 King moved the SCLC north to Chicago to campaign for open housing. Marchers through Marquette Park were met by white crowds throwing bricks and bottles, and King said he had never seen such hatred. How did the campaign end?

The SCLC announced a campaign in December 1967 demanding jobs and a living wage for poor Americans of every race, and its marchers built a camp called Resurrection City on the National Mall in 1968. Who led it after King was killed?

From 1967 the FBI ran a counterintelligence program against Black organizations, using informants, forged letters and anonymous leaks meant to set groups and leaders against one another. When did the full scope of it become public?

In May 1967 about thirty members of an Oakland-based party, some carrying loaded shotguns, walked into the California State Capitol to protest a bill aimed at their armed police patrols. What followed?

In October 1967 an Oakland police officer was shot and killed at a pre-dawn traffic stop, and Huey Newton was charged with his murder. What followed within his party over the next year?