(1) Bleached coral cover rose from 8 to 31 percent in three summers. (2) The rise matches recorded heat waves, so warming is the main cause. (3) Heat-tolerant algae might one day restore the reefs. Which statement is a measured fact?

(1) Future cores may reveal ice older than a million years. (2) Bubbles in the ice hold 800,000 years of carbon dioxide levels. (3) Those levels rise and fall with past temperature, so the gas shaped ancient climate. Which is a reasoned judgment?

(1) Hive counts at the study sites fell 42 percent over five years. (2) Wildflower strips might one day reverse the losses. (3) Losses peaked in the months after spraying, so pesticides drove the decline. Which statement is speculation?

(1) Perchlorate salts could someday be split to supply oxygen. (2) Landers measured perchlorate salts in the soil at three sites. (3) Because the salts lower the freezing point, brief liquid brines are likely. Which statement reports a measurement?

(1) Caves with the fungus lost the most bats, so the fungus caused the die-off. (2) Winter counts in 20 caves dropped about 90 percent. (3) Some survivors may carry genes that resist the fungus. Which is a judgment reasoned from the findings?

(1) Dried tardigrades survived ten days in a vacuum chamber. (2) That survival shows the dried state protects the cell contents. (3) Their proteins could one day help store vaccines without cold. Which statement is speculation?

(1) Rising tremor with ground swelling means magma is moving upward. (2) Better sensors might one day give weeks of warning. (3) Seismometers recorded 1,400 small quakes in the week before the eruption. Which statement is a measured fact?

(1) Willow shoots along the creek grew 60 percent taller after wolves returned. (2) Elk now avoid the open banks, so predation changed their grazing. (3) Beavers might one day return as the willows thicken. Which is a reasoned judgment?

(1) Solid electrolytes may one day end this kind of failure. (2) Cells cycled at 45 degrees Celsius failed after 300 charges. (3) The failed cells held metal spikes, so dendrites pierced the separator. Which statement is speculation?

(1) Similar vents could someday be found on icy moons. (2) Fluid leaving the vent measured 340 degrees Celsius. (3) Tube worms cluster where sulfide is highest, so they depend on those chemicals. Which statement reports a measurement?

(1) Warmer springs might one day push nesting into February. (2) Banding records show spring arrivals now average nine days earlier. (3) Arrival dates shifted with spring temperature, so warming is moving migration. Which is a research-based judgment?

(1) Soil bacteria carried resistance genes at 30 of 34 farm sites. (2) Untouched soils could one day yield new antibiotics. (3) The genes were commonest near feedlots, so livestock drugs spread them. Which statement is speculation?

(1) The probe measured water ice and salts in the moon's plumes. (2) Salty ice points to a liquid ocean beneath the icy crust. (3) A future lander might one day sample a plume for signs of life. Which statement is a measurement?

(1) Sensors logged methane at 22 tundra sites for three summers. (2) Thaw ponds may one day cover much of the tundra. (3) Methane rose where soil temperature rose, so thawing ground is releasing the gas. Which is a judgment reasoned from findings?

(1) Enrichment tanks might one day be required in every aquarium. (2) The octopuses opened the sealed jar in under four minutes on trial ten. (3) Their times fell across the trials, so the animals learned the task. Which statement is speculation?

(1) Shade trees cool the hottest blocks, so tree cover lowers heat risk. (2) Cool roofs could someday cut a whole city's power demand. (3) Sensors recorded downtown nights 4 degrees Celsius warmer than nearby farmland. Which statement is a measured fact?

(1) Seedlings grew fastest where fungal sugars arrived, so the fungi feed them. (2) Tagged carbon appeared in 18 of 20 linked seedlings. (3) Farmers might one day sow fungi along with their crops. Which is a reasoned judgment?

(1) Dust-repelling coatings could one day end panel washing. (2) Output at the desert array dropped 23 percent in eight dusty weeks. (3) Output returned after the panels were washed, so dust caused the loss. Which statement reports a measurement?

(1) Recorders logged song pitch falling about 3 hertz over 20 years. (2) Quieter seas might one day let whales sing higher again. (3) Pitch dropped as the population rebounded, so fewer whales now sing loudly to be heard. Which statement is speculation?

(1) Diet changes might one day ease anxiety in people. (2) Mice on the fiber diet ran 40 percent farther in the maze test. (3) Gut bacteria shifted with the diet, so the microbes affected the behavior. Which is a judgment based on the findings?