Excess fluid between body cells first enters blind-ended microscopic tubes that have flaplike openings. Which structure is this?

As leg muscles contract, fluid in collecting vessels is pushed toward the chest instead of back toward the foot. What makes this one-way movement possible?

Fluid from both legs and the abdomen enters the largest collecting channel before emptying into venous blood near the left shoulder. Which channel carries it?

The upper limb, side of the head, and upper trunk on the side opposite the heart's apex drain through which short collecting channel?

An organ in the left upper abdomen removes worn red blood cells and lets lymphocytes monitor pathogens carried in blood. What organ does this?

Immature T lymphocytes leave red bone marrow and finish maturing in an organ behind the sternum. What organ is it?

Masses in the pharynx sample microbes entering with inhaled air or swallowed material. Which lymphatic organs are they?

In a small-intestine villus, most absorbed dietary fats enter a specialized vessel before reaching the bloodstream. What is that vessel?

A bean-shaped organ along collecting vessels traps bacteria from tissue fluid before the fluid reaches large ducts. Which structure is it?

A scrape removes the keratinized surface layer that normally blocks microbes from underlying tissue. Which first-line defense was breached?

After a splinter, nearby capillaries dilate and become leaky, making the skin warm, red, and swollen. Which chemical mediator helps cause this?

A long-lived cell in connective tissue engulfs bacteria and debris after they enter a wound. Which innate cell is doing this?

A virus-infected cell releases a chemical that warns nearby cells to make antiviral proteins. What is that chemical?

A group of plasma proteins forms membrane attack complexes that can punch holes in some bacterial membranes. What is this system called?

Capillary permeability rises at an injured finger, so extra fluid enters the tissue and presses on sensory endings. What result follows?

During some infections, pyrogens reset the hypothalamic set point above normal. What body response follows?

Sticky secretions and beating hairlike projections in the trachea move inhaled microbes toward the pharynx. Which innate defense is this?

A toxin has a surface shape that matching lymphocyte receptors bind and treat as foreign. What is that target called?

An activated B lymphocyte divides, and one daughter type secretes large amounts of antibodies into plasma. Which cell is that?

Which T lymphocyte releases cytokines that stimulate B cells and activate killer lymphocytes?

A body cell displaying viral antigen on MHC I is killed directly by which lymphocyte?

Proteins in blood and lymph bind specific antigens, neutralize toxins, and tag microbes for destruction. What are these proteins?

After a second exposure to the same pathogen, antibody levels rise faster because which cells remain from the first exposure?

Only the lymphocyte whose receptor matches an antigen divides into many identical cells. What process is being described?

Antibodies made against measles virus bind poorly to influenza virus. What feature explains that poor binding?

A response that protects mainly by antibodies circulating in plasma and lymph is which branch of adaptive immunity?

A student catches influenza, recovers, and keeps memory cells made by their own lymphocytes. What type of immunity developed?

A shot contains harmless antigen from a virus, and the person's own lymphocytes make memory cells. What type of immunity is this?

Antibodies crossing the placenta protect a fetus before birth. What type of immunity is this?

A patient receives antivenom that contains ready-made antibodies after a snakebite. What type of immunity does this provide?

One form of antibody-based protection acts immediately but fades because the person did not make memory cells. What type is it?

A vaccine protects without causing the full disease because it exposes lymphocytes to what?

A booster dose produces a faster, larger antibody rise than the first dose. What response is being strengthened?

Pollen causes sneezing and watery eyes when IgE and mast cells overreact to a harmless substance. What disorder category is this?

In type 1 diabetes, the body's defenses destroy insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. What disorder category is this?

A patient has very low helper T cell counts and develops infections that healthy defenses usually control. What disorder category is this?

Weeks after receiving a donor kidney, a patient's T cells attack it because its surface markers look foreign. What process is this?

A food allergy rapidly causes airway narrowing, widespread vasodilation, and a dangerous drop in blood pressure. What reaction is this?

A child born without functional B or T lymphocytes has repeated serious infections from early life. What condition fits this pattern?

A person cannot produce enough antibodies, so encapsulated bacteria cause repeated sinus and lung infections. Which lymphocytes are most likely failing?