Two folds of tissue vibrate as air rushes past them, producing sound. In which organ do those folds sit?

During swallowing, a cartilage flap folds over the airway opening to keep food out of the lower tract. Which structure does this?

A single midline airway with C-shaped cartilage rings carries air from the voice box toward the chest before it splits. Which structure is it?

Tiny thin-walled sacs at the ends of the smallest air passages are surrounded by capillaries for gas exchange. What are they?

A double serous membrane around each lung reduces friction as the lungs slide against the chest wall. Which membrane is this?

Behind the nasal and oral cavities, one muscular passage carries both swallowed food and inhaled air. Which structure is it?

Air passes through the opening between the vocal folds before entering the lower airway. What is that opening called?

The main muscle forming the floor of the thoracic cavity contracts to begin quiet inspiration. Which muscle is it?

Small airways without cartilage rings branch from the bronchi and lead toward the exchange surfaces. What are they called?

Air entering through the nostrils reaches which space next?

After air leaves the nasal cavity, which structure does it enter next?

Air has just passed through the pharynx. Which organ does it pass through next?

Air has just passed through the larynx. Which structure does it enter next?

At the lower end of the trachea, air enters one of two large branches leading into the lungs. What is each branch called?

After air passes through progressively smaller bronchi inside a lung, it enters which smaller conducting tube?

A dust particle has just left the terminal bronchiole, the last purely conducting airway. Which structure comes next?

After an alveolar duct, air enters a cluster of tiny sacs. What is that cluster called?

During quiet inspiration, what happens to the diaphragm?

External intercostal muscles contract during inspiration. What is their effect on the rib cage?

Quiet expiration usually happens without active muscle contraction. What causes air to leave?

For air to flow into the lungs, how must pressure inside the alveoli compare with atmospheric pressure?

A student breathes normally at rest, moving about 500 mL of air with each breath. Which volume is this?

A person inhales as deeply as possible, then exhales as much air as possible. Which capacity did the person measure?

After the strongest possible exhalation, some air still remains in the lungs and cannot be voluntarily expelled. Which volume is this?

Which instrument records the volume of air a person moves during breathing tests?

Gas exchange between air in the alveoli and blood in lung capillaries is called what?

Gas exchange between systemic capillaries and tissue cells is called what?

Oxygen moves from alveolar air into capillary blood during normal exchange. What gradient drives that movement?

Most oxygen carried from the lungs to the tissues travels bound to a molecule inside red blood cells. Which molecule is it?

Most carbon dioxide produced by tissues travels through plasma after conversion into which form?

In lung capillaries, carbon dioxide leaves the blood and enters the alveoli. What causes that direction of diffusion?

Active tissues produce extra carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions. What happens to hemoglobin's oxygen affinity in those tissues?

Fluid in the alveoli increases the distance gases must cross at the exchange membrane. What direct effect does this have?

Which brainstem center generates the basic rhythm for quiet breathing?

Retained carbon dioxide lowers pH in cerebrospinal fluid. What response do central chemoreceptors help trigger?

When arterial oxygen drops severely, which sensors help signal the breathing centers?

An asthma attack causes wheezing because smooth muscle constriction and inflammation narrow which small airways?

A disorder destroys alveolar walls, reducing surface area and elastic recoil. Which disorder matches this damage?

A patient has chronic bronchitis and emphysema with long-term obstructed airflow. Which umbrella term covers this pattern?

An infection causes many alveoli to fill with fluid and pus, making gas diffusion harder. Which disorder is described?