A swallowed bolus leaves the mouth; what canal organ does it enter next?

After passing through the pharynx, a bolus enters the muscular tube that carries it toward the stomach. Name that tube.

Chyme leaving the stomach enters the first segment of the small intestine. Name that segment.

Food residue moves through the middle segment of the small intestine after the duodenum and before the ileum. Name that segment.

After the ileum, contents enter a pouch that begins the large intestine. Name that pouch.

The innermost wall layer lines the lumen and contains epithelium for secretion and absorption. Name that layer.

A supporting wall layer holds many blood vessels and nerve fibers just outside the lining. Name that layer.

Circular and longitudinal bands in one wall layer produce most mixing and propulsion of canal contents. Name that layer.

The outer slippery covering on many abdominal canal organs reduces friction against nearby organs. Name that wall layer.

An accessory organ produces the fluid that emulsifies fats before that fluid is stored in a small sac. Name the producer.

One accessory organ concentrates the liver-made emulsifying fluid and releases it into the duodenum after a fatty meal. Name it.

Alkaline, enzyme-rich juice enters the duodenum through a duct from which accessory organ?

A large paired gland near the ear sends a watery secretion into the mouth near the upper molars. Name that gland.

Most resting saliva comes from paired glands tucked below the lower jaw. Name those glands.

Large lipid droplets in the duodenum are broken into many smaller droplets, increasing exposed surface. Name that process.

Acidic chyme enters the duodenum, then bicarbonate-rich secretion mixes with it. What immediate change results?

After nutrients enter intestinal capillaries, portal blood carries them first to which accessory organ for processing?

The chisel-shaped front teeth bite and cut food during mastication. Name them.

The broad back teeth crush and grind food before swallowing. Name them.

The hardest covering on the exposed crown protects a tooth from wear. Name that material.

A calcified layer beneath the crown covering forms most of the tooth and surrounds the pulp cavity. Name it.

During the voluntary phase of swallowing, what structure pushes the bolus back into the oropharynx?

During swallowing, a flap covers the laryngeal opening to help keep food out of the airway. Name that flap.

Rhythmic contractions in the esophageal wall move a bolus toward the stomach. Name that movement pattern.

A mouth secretion starts chemical digestion of starch before the bolus is swallowed. Name that enzyme.

In the stomach, hydrochloric acid activates an enzyme that begins protein digestion. Name that enzyme.

A pancreatic proenzyme becomes an active protease in the small intestine. Name that active enzyme.

Fat digestion in the small intestine depends heavily on which enzyme from the pancreas?

Brush-border enzymes finish carbohydrate digestion at the intestinal lining. What units enter the blood?

A villus has a fingerlike shape and many epithelial projections. What absorption advantage does this create?

Dietary lipids enter the lymph vessel in each intestinal villus. Name that vessel.

After protein digestion, amino acids pass from villi mainly into what transport route?

The brush border is built from projections on absorptive epithelial cells. Name those projections.

Which nutrient class do most cells use as their quickest, most direct fuel for making ATP?

After digestion, which nutrient class supplies amino acids for building enzymes and contractile fibers?

Bleeding gums and poor wound healing occur when collagen synthesis lacks which vitamin?

A diet too low in which mineral can reduce hemoglobin production and cause anemia?

Milk triggers cramps, gas, and diarrhea because the enzyme for milk sugar is deficient. Name the disorder.

Acid repeatedly backs into the tube above the stomach because the lower sphincter closes poorly. Name the disorder.

Low-fiber diets can contribute to small pouches bulging from the colon wall. Name the disorder.