A city claims workers' mean commute is 30 minutes. A t test of $H_0:\mu =30$ vs. $H_a:\mu >30$ gives p-value 0.04. What does 0.04 mean?

A dairy checks bottle fill volume. For mean fill in milliliters, it tests $H_0:\mu =500$ vs. $H_a:\mu \ne 500$ and reports p-value 0.12. What does 0.12 mean?

A school surveys students about exercise. For the daily-exercise proportion, it tests $H_0:p=0.60$ vs. $H_a:p>0.60$ and reports p-value 0.03. What does 0.03 mean?

A clinic studies mean systolic blood pressure after a diet plan. It tests $H_0:\mu =130$ vs. $H_a:\mu <130$ and reports p-value 0.07. What does 0.07 mean?

A website tests mean load time in seconds. For its pages, it tests $H_0:\mu =2$ vs. $H_a:\mu <2$ and reports p-value 0.01. What does 0.01 mean?

A seed company tests germination proportion. It tests $H_0:p=0.75$ vs. $H_a:p\ne 0.75$ and reports p-value 0.22. What does 0.22 mean?

A lab tests mean battery life in hours. It tests $H_0:\mu =10$ vs. $H_a:\mu >10$ and reports p-value 0.005. What does 0.005 mean?

A water filter study tests unsafe-sample proportion. It uses $H_0:p=0.08$ vs. $H_a:p<0.08$ and reports p-value 0.18. What does 0.18 mean?

An agronomy trial tests mean wheat yield with $H_0:\mu =50$ kg per plot vs. $H_a:\mu >50$ and reports p-value 0.001. A report says, 'The fertilizer makes a very large increase.' Which misreading is this?

A clinic tests side-effect proportion with $H_0:p=0.10$ vs. $H_a:p<0.10$ and reports p-value 0.08. A nurse says, 'There is an 8% chance the side-effect rate is 10%.' Which misreading is this?

A reading program tests mean score with $H_0:\mu =70$ vs. $H_a:\mu >70$ and reports p-value 0.02. A report says, 'Only 2% of students would score this high.' Which misreading is this?

A machine audit tests defect proportion with $H_0:p=0.05$ vs. $H_a:p\ne 0.05$ and reports p-value 0.16. A manager says, 'The 16% was found assuming our sample rate is the real rate.' Which misreading is this?

A tutoring study tests mean score gain with $H_0:\mu =0$ vs. $H_a:\mu >0$ and reports p-value 0.04. A headline says, 'The program has a 4% chance of having no true average effect.' Which misreading is this?

A factory tests mean assembly time with $H_0:\mu =12$ minutes vs. $H_a:\mu <12$ and reports p-value 0.03. A supervisor says, 'Only 3% of workers would finish this quickly.' Which misreading is this?

A foundry tests flaw rate for castings with $H_0:p=0.25$ vs. $H_a:p>0.25$ and reports p-value 0.18. Under which assumption is that probability computed?

A lake study tests mean nitrate level in mg/L with $H_0:\mu =3$ vs. $H_a:\mu >3$ and reports p-value 0.11. What assumption is used to find that probability?

A district tests attendance proportion with $H_0:p=0.90$ vs. $H_a:p<0.90$ and reports p-value 0.06. Under which condition is the p-value found?

A cereal company tests mean box mass in grams with $H_0:\mu =450$ vs. $H_a:\mu \ne 450$ and reports p-value 0.32. Which assumption is used in that computation?

A transit agency tests mean bus delay in minutes with $H_0:\mu =5$ vs. $H_a:\mu <5$ and reports p-value 0.09. What assumption is the p-value based on?

A town tests recycling participation with $H_0:p=0.40$ vs. $H_a:p\ne 0.40$ and reports p-value 0.48. Under what assumption was that probability computed?

Two labs test mean sugar in a cereal with $H_0:\mu =20$ g vs. $H_a:\mu <20$. Lab A reports p-value 0.01; Lab B reports 0.15. Which comparison is correct?

Two surveys test bike-lane support with $H_0:p=0.40$ vs. $H_a:p>0.40$. Survey C reports p-value 0.28; Survey D reports 0.03. Which comparison is correct?

Two battery studies test mean life with $H_0:\mu =8$ hours vs. $H_a:\mu >8$. Study E reports p-value 0.004; Study F reports 0.006. Which comparison is correct?

Two lake studies test mean summer temperature with $H_0:\mu =18$ °C vs. $H_a:\mu \ne 18$. Study G reports p-value 0.49; Study H reports 0.07. Which comparison is correct?