A water authority tests $H_0:\mu =5$ ppb lead against $H_a:\mu >5$. The test fails to reject $H_0$, and later the true mean is 7 ppb. What result is this?

A clinic tests $H_0:p=0.12$ infection rate against $H_a:p<0.12$. It rejects $H_0$, but later data show the true rate is 0.12. What result is this?

A cereal plant tests $H_0:\mu =500$ g fill against $H_a:\mu <500$. The test rejects $H_0$, but audit data show the true mean is 500 g. What result is this?

A school tests $H_0:\mu =70$ against $H_a:\mu >70$ for tutoring exam scores. It fails to reject $H_0$, and the true mean is later found to be 75. What result is this?

A lab tests $H_0:\mu =10$ hours battery life against $H_a:\mu <10$. It fails to reject $H_0$, but the true mean is 8 hours. What result is this?

A transit agency tests $H_0:p=0.20$ late buses against $H_a:p>0.20$. The test rejects $H_0$, but the true late-bus rate is 0.20. What result is this?

A hospital tests $H_0:\mu =30$ minutes wait time against $H_a:\mu <30$. It fails to reject $H_0$, but the true mean wait is 25 minutes. What result is this?

A farm tests $H_0:p=0.04$ damaged fruit against $H_a:p>0.04$. The test rejects $H_0$, but the true damage rate is 0.04. What result is this?

A coach tests $H_0:\mu =12$ minutes against $H_a:\mu <12$ for a run drill. The test rejects $H_0$, but the true mean is 12 minutes. What result is this?

A filter maker tests $H_0:\mu =0.10$ mg/L impurity against $H_a:\mu >0.10$. It fails to reject $H_0$, and the true mean is 0.14 mg/L. What result is this?

A drug regulator tests $H_0$: the new painkiller is no more effective than the standard, against $H_a$: it is more effective. Approval happens if $H_0$ is rejected. What is a Type I error?

A district tests $H_0$: a tutoring app does not raise mean scores, against $H_a$: it raises mean scores. The app is purchased if $H_0$ is rejected. What is a Type I error?

A city tests $H_0$: a new air filter leaves mean smoke particles unchanged, against $H_a$: it lowers them. Filters are installed citywide if $H_0$ is rejected. What is a Type I error?

A farm tests $H_0$: a seed coating does not increase sprouting, against $H_a$: it increases sprouting. The coating is adopted if $H_0$ is rejected. What is a Type I error?

A college tests $H_0$: a reminder text does not reduce missed appointments, against $H_a$: it reduces them. The text system is expanded if $H_0$ is rejected. What is a Type I error?

A factory tests $H_0$: a new lubricant does not lower mean machine temperature, against $H_a$: it lowers it. The lubricant is used if $H_0$ is rejected. What is a Type I error?

A website tests $H_0$: a new page layout does not raise the purchase rate, against $H_a$: it raises the rate. The layout launches if $H_0$ is rejected. What is a Type I error?

A clinic tests $H_0$: a new screening method has the same detection rate as the old one, against $H_a$: it has a higher rate. It switches methods if $H_0$ is rejected. What is a Type I error?

A factory tests $H_0:p=0.02$ defective boards against $H_a:p>0.02$. It halts the line if $H_0$ is rejected. What is a Type II error?

A health office tests $H_0:p=0.08$ flu cases against $H_a:p>0.08$. Extra nurses are scheduled if $H_0$ is rejected. What is a Type II error?

A bottler tests $H_0:\mu =1.00$ L fill against $H_a:\mu <1.00$. Machines are recalibrated if $H_0$ is rejected. What is a Type II error?

A school tests $H_0:\mu =6$ absences per student against $H_a:\mu <6$ after a mentoring program. The program expands if $H_0$ is rejected. What is a Type II error?

A fishery tests $H_0:\mu =18$ cm against $H_a:\mu <18$ for young salmon length. A habitat alert is issued if $H_0$ is rejected. What is a Type II error?

A lab tests $H_0:\mu =4.0$ mg against $H_a:\mu >4.0$ for a contaminant. Cleanup begins if $H_0$ is rejected. What is a Type II error?

A bank tests $H_0:p=0.03$ fraud claims against $H_a:p>0.03$. Extra review starts if $H_0$ is rejected. What is a Type II error?

A gym tests $H_0:\mu =140$ beats per minute against $H_a:\mu <140$ after a cooldown plan. The plan is kept if $H_0$ is rejected. What is a Type II error?

A smoke alarm test uses $H_0$: no fire, against $H_a$: fire. Rejecting $H_0$ sounds the alarm. What consequence would be a Type II error?

A spam filter tests $H_0$: an email is safe, against $H_a$: it is spam. Rejecting $H_0$ sends the email to spam. What consequence would be a Type I error?

A dam monitor tests $H_0$: water pressure is safe, against $H_a$: pressure is unsafe. Rejecting $H_0$ closes the gate. What consequence would be a Type II error?

A food inspector tests $H_0$: a batch is uncontaminated, against $H_a$: it is contaminated. Rejecting $H_0$ recalls the batch. What consequence would be a Type I error?

A school test uses $H_0$: a student is not eligible for advanced math, against $H_a$: the student is eligible. Rejecting $H_0$ places the student. What consequence would be a Type II error?

A weather alert tests $H_0$: no severe storm, against $H_a$: severe storm. Rejecting $H_0$ sends a warning. What consequence would be a Type I error?

A credit card system tests $H_0$: a charge is legitimate, against $H_a$: it is fraudulent. Rejecting $H_0$ blocks the charge. What consequence would be a Type II error?

A clinic tests $H_0:\mu =120$ mg/dL cholesterol against $H_a:\mu <120$ for a diet plan and recommends it if $H_0$ is rejected. If the significance level drops from 0.05 to 0.01, what changes?

A factory tests $H_0:p=0.01$ defects against $H_a:p>0.01$ and stops a line if $H_0$ is rejected. With the same sample size, what does lowering the significance level from 0.10 to 0.05 do?

A school tests $H_0:\mu =80$ against $H_a:\mu >80$ for a prep course and adopts it if $H_0$ is rejected. What happens when the significance level is lowered from 0.05 to 0.01?

A city tests $H_0:\mu =35$ minutes commute against $H_a:\mu <35$ after a bus change. It keeps the change if $H_0$ is rejected. What does lowering alpha from 0.05 to 0.01 do?

A lab tests $H_0:\mu =2.0$ mg/L pollution against $H_a:\mu >2.0$ and issues a warning if $H_0$ is rejected. If alpha is lowered from 0.05 to 0.01, what is the tradeoff?

A farm tests $H_0:p=0.90$ germination against $H_a:p>0.90$ and buys a seed lot if $H_0$ is rejected. With sample size fixed, what does lowering alpha from 0.05 to 0.01 cause?

A hospital tests $H_0:p=0.15$ readmissions against $H_a:p<0.15$ and expands a program if $H_0$ is rejected. What does lowering alpha from 0.05 to 0.01 do?