To meet the national expenses, the Confederation Congress could only send each state a request for its share of the money. Several states sent little or nothing, and Congress had no way to make them pay. Which power did Congress lack?

In the 1780s New York placed duties on goods brought in from Connecticut and New Jersey, and those states taxed New York's goods in return. Congress could not stop any of it. Which power did the Confederation government lack?

After 1783 British merchants sold goods cheaply in American ports while British rules kept American ships out of the West Indies. Each state answered with its own duties, and Congress could not set a single national response. What did Congress lack?

The 1783 peace treaty said British creditors could collect prewar debts, but several states passed laws blocking those suits. Britain then kept its military posts on American soil, and Congress could do nothing. What did Congress lack?

Congress under the Articles passed a measure and then had to hope thirteen separate state governments would carry it out. No national officer existed whose job was to see that its decisions were enforced. What did the Confederation government lack?

A merchant in Virginia and a merchant in Maryland fell into a dispute over a contract, and each expected the other state's courts to favor its own citizen. Under the Articles there was nowhere else to take the case. What did the government lack?

In 1787 the Confederation Congress organized the land north of the Ohio River into territories, prohibited slavery there, and promised settlers trial by jury and freedom of worship. Which measure was this?

A measure of 1785 had the western lands surveyed into six-mile-square townships, each cut into thirty-six numbered sections, with one section in every township set aside to support public schools. Which measure was it?

Which of these did the government under the Articles of Confederation actually accomplish?

The Confederation Congress had to decide the future of the western lands it now governed. Under its 1787 ordinance, what would eventually become of the territories north of the Ohio River?

In 1786-87 indebted farmers in western Massachusetts closed courts by force and marched on the arsenal at Springfield. Congress could raise no troops, and a privately financed militia put the rising down. What did this convince many leaders of?

Delegates met at Annapolis in September 1786 to discuss the tangle of state trade rules, but only five states sent anyone. Too few to act, they issued a report instead. What did that report call for?

In March 1783 unpaid officers of the Continental Army camped at Newburgh, New York, circulated an anonymous address urging them to act against Congress. Washington appeared before them in person and talked them out of it. What did the crisis expose?

In 1786 John Jay proposed a treaty giving up American use of the Mississippi River for twenty-five years in return for trade with Spain. Seven northern states backed it, five southern states fought it, and the plan collapsed. What did the episode show?

In June 1783 several hundred unpaid soldiers surrounded the building where Congress sat in Philadelphia. Pennsylvania's officials would not call out the militia to disperse them, and Congress left the city for Princeton. What did this reveal?

Under the Articles of Confederation, changing the document required the agreement of all thirteen states, and no amendment ever passed. The Constitution that replaced it requires three fourths of the states. What problem was that change meant to solve?

Under the Articles, each state cast one vote in Congress, whether it was Delaware or Virginia. Under the Constitution, states are represented by population in the House and by two senators each in the Senate. What changed?

Under the Articles, Congress could not enlist soldiers itself; it asked each state for a quota of men, and the states raised them and named their officers. The Constitution empowers Congress to raise and support armies. What changed?

Under the Articles, states printed their own paper money, and a bill accepted at full value in one state might be refused or discounted in the next. The Constitution forbids any state to coin money or issue bills of credit. What changed?

The Articles said each state kept its sovereignty, freedom and independence, and called the union a firm league of friendship. The Constitution makes itself and the laws of the United States the supreme law of the land, binding state judges. What changed?