Text: "The tank held 2 liters of water. Salt was stirred in until no more dissolved. The salt water then froze at a lower temperature than plain water. A lid kept dust out." Which sentence supports the conclusion that the salt changed freezing?

Text: "Both cups were filled to the 50-milliliter line. Cup A, in sunlight, lost 8 milliliters in one hour. Cup B, in shade, lost 2 milliliters. The room stayed warm." Which two sentences together support the idea that sunlight increased water loss?

Text: "Lake Pine dropped 12 centimeters in July. Its inflow stream ran dry July 2. A second stream stopped that week. The lake is 8 meters deep. Boats stayed off it." One support for 'the streams caused the drop' is the July 2 line; which adds a second?

Text: "The bar's lower half sat in a damp tray. Rust covered only that half. The bar was 30 centimeters long. The lab bench was gray." Which two sentences together support the conclusion that rust formed where the metal stayed wet?

Manual: "The pump keeps pressure in the line. The gauge is mounted beside the valve. Opening a valve under pressure can crack the fitting. The tank holds 40 liters." Which sentence states the reason for shutting the pump off before opening the valve?

Text: "Green roofs are gardens planted on rooftops. They soak up rain that would otherwise rush into storm drains. They also keep the floors below cooler in summer. Installing one costs more than a plain roof." What is the central idea?

Text: "In Trial 1 the ramp was 10 centimeters high and the cart rolled 40 centimeters. In Trial 2 the ramp was 20 centimeters high and the cart rolled 78 centimeters. The floor was the same each time." Which conclusion does the text support?

Text: "Beavers dam streams with sticks and mud. The ponds behind the dams hold water through dry months. Water backed up onto nearby fields damages crops. Managers and farmers argue about removing the dams." Which sentence best summarizes the passage?

Text: "The team weighed 30 dry seeds, soaked them for 12 hours, then weighed them again. The soaked seeds were heavier. A second batch, left dry, did not change mass." Which sentence best summarizes the results?

Procedure: 1. Fill a cup with 100 milliliters of cold water. 2. Record the water temperature. 3. Add one spoonful of sugar and stir for 30 seconds. 4. Record the temperature again. Why is the temperature recorded both before and after the sugar?

Procedure: 1. Half-fill a jar with sand, silt, and clay. 2. Add water to the 500-milliliter mark. 3. Screw the lid on tightly. 4. Shake the jar for 20 seconds. 5. Set the jar down and wait 10 minutes. Why is the jar set down and left for 10 minutes?

Procedure: 1. Half-fill a jar with sand, silt, and clay. 2. Add water to the 500-milliliter mark. 3. Screw the lid on tightly. 4. Shake the jar for 20 seconds. 5. Set the jar down and wait 10 minutes. What goes wrong if Steps 3 and 4 are swapped?

Procedure: 1. Set the ramp 20 centimeters high. 2. Release the cart from the top without pushing it. 3. Mark where the cart stops. 4. Measure from the ramp to the mark in centimeters. 5. Repeat three times. Which measurement does the procedure call for?

Procedure: 1. Set the ramp 20 centimeters high. 2. Release the cart from the top without pushing it. 3. Mark where the cart stops. 4. Measure from the ramp to the mark in centimeters. 5. Repeat three times. What goes wrong if Steps 2 and 3 are swapped?

Procedure: 1. Weigh the empty cup in grams. 2. Add sand until the balance reads 150 grams. 3. Subtract the cup's mass from 150 grams. The empty cup weighs 40 grams. What is the mass of the sand?

Procedure: 1. Place the empty cup on the balance and record its mass in grams. 2. Add sand until the balance reads 150 grams. True or False: the procedure records the cup's mass before any sand is added.

Text: "Sand does not vanish in water; it settles to the bottom. Sugar, though, is a solute. Stirred into the same cup, it spreads through the water until the mixture looks clear." As used in this passage, what does the word 'solute' mean?

Text: "After the jar sat overnight, the water above was almost clear. A layer of sediment lay on the bottom: the sand and silt that had drifted down out of the water." As used in this passage, what does the word 'sediment' mean?

Text: "The data table lists five trials. An asterisk (*) follows any trial that was run a second time. Trial 2* and Trial 4* carry the mark; Trials 1, 3, and 5 do not." As used in the table, what does the asterisk mean?

Text: "Before weighing anything, the team calibrated the balance. They set a known 100-gram mass on the pan and turned the dial until the display read exactly 100 grams." As used in this passage, what does 'calibrated' mean?

Text: "The plant grew in a sealed jar for three weeks. Morning sun warmed the glass. Water beaded on the glass each morning and ran back into the soil. The jar is 20 centimeters tall." Which sentence supports the idea that the jar's water was reused?

Text: "Ice in the shaded cooler lasted 9 hours. Ice in the sunlit cooler lasted 4 hours. Both coolers started with 2 kilograms of ice. Both lids stayed shut." Which sentence shows the coolers began the test with the same amount of ice?

Report: "Bridge A held 12 kilograms; Bridge B held 5. Bridge A used triangle braces; Bridge B used squares. Both spans measured 40 centimeters. Both used the same paper." Which sentence rules out span length as the reason for the difference?

Field notes: "Frogs called loudly the night after rain. On dry nights we heard none. Air temperature stayed near 18 degrees Celsius all week. The pond is 30 meters wide." Which sentence rules out a temperature change as the cause of the calling?

Manual: "The screen traps lint before air leaves the dryer. A clogged screen blocks the airflow and overheats the motor. Clean the screen after every load. The vent pipe is 10 centimeters wide." Which sentence gives the reason for cleaning the screen?

Text: "Bees pollinate crops while gathering nectar. Farms that keep hedgerows nearby report fuller harvests. Sprays used at bloom kill visiting bees, so some growers now spray at night." Which sentence best states the central idea of the passage?

Text: "The same ball was dropped from 1 meter onto tile, carpet, and grass, ten times each. It bounced highest off the tile and lowest off the grass. The carpet fell in between." Which sentence best summarizes the results?

Trial notes: "Seedlings under red light grew 9 centimeters. Under blue light they grew 6 centimeters. In the dark they grew 1 centimeter. Every tray got the same water and soil." Which conclusion does the text support?

Text: "Sea walls keep waves from cutting into the streets behind them. The same walls throw wave energy sideways, stripping sand from the beaches next door. Towns share the cost of both." Which sentence best states the central idea?

Text: "Buried trash in a landfill gives off methane. Pipes sunk into the mound collect the gas. A plant burns it for electricity for about 2,000 homes. Clay caps the mound." Which sentence best summarizes the passage?

Procedure: 1. Pour 50 milliliters of vinegar into the flask. 2. Spoon 5 grams of baking soda into a balloon. 3. Stretch the balloon over the flask's mouth with the powder inside. 4. Lift the balloon so the powder falls in. What must be done before Step 4?

Procedure: 1. Set the cylinder on a flat table. 2. Pour water until the bottom of the curved surface sits on the 25-milliliter line. 3. Read it with your eye level with the water. According to Step 2, what must sit exactly on the 25-milliliter line?

Procedure: 1. Start the timer and drop the tablet into 200 milliliters of water. 2. Stop the timer when the last piece disappears. 3. Record the time in seconds. 4. Repeat with water at 40 degrees Celsius. When does the procedure say to stop the timer?

Procedure: 1. Wipe the slide clean. 2. Put one drop of pond water in the center. 3. Lower the cover slip at an angle. 4. Start at the lowest magnification. 5. Turn the fine focus only after an image appears. When may the fine focus be turned?

Procedure: 1. Unplug the printer. 2. Let the nozzle cool for 10 minutes. 3. Pull the old filament out. 4. Feed the new filament in until it grips. A student pulls the filament out one minute after unplugging. Which step was skipped?

Text: "The rock feels heavy for its size. Its mass divided by its volume gives its density, and that number stays the same whether you weigh the whole rock or a chip broken off it." As used in this passage, what does 'density' mean?

Text: "The third column of the table is headed Δt. Each entry there is the second reading minus the first, so 4 means the water warmed by 4 degrees Celsius." As used in the table, what does Δ mean?

Text: "The tape's outer layer makes drops bead up and roll off. Water can still creep in at the cut ends, so the label calls the tape water-resistant rather than waterproof." As used here, what does 'water-resistant' mean?

Text: "Only one thing differed between the two tanks: the water's temperature. The food, the light and the tank size were held the same. The tank left at room temperature is the control." As used in this passage, what does 'control' mean?

Text: "The bag's label reads 500 grams ± 5 grams. Inspectors pass any bag from 495 to 505 grams and reject the rest." As used on the label, what does the ± symbol show?